1、Designation: C1696 14a1Standard Guide forIndustrial Thermal Insulation Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1696; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parent
2、heses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTESections 2.1, 8.2.10, and Table 1 were editorially corrected in October 2014.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers information on selection of insulationmaterials, sy
3、stems design, application methods, protectivecoverings, guarantees, inspection, testing, and maintenance ofthermal insulation primarily for industrial applications in atemperature range of -320 to 1200F (-195.5 to 648.8C).1.2 This guide is intended to provide practical guidelines,by applying accepta
4、ble current practice while indicating thebasic principles by which new materials can be assessed andadapted for use under widely differing conditions. Designengineers, the general contractors, the fabricators, and theinsulation contractors will find this guide helpful.1.3 Although some insulation sy
5、stem designs can serve asfire protection, this guide does not address the criteria specificto that need. API 521 Guide for Pressure-Relieving andDepressuring Systems is recommended as a reference for fireprotection. This guide will however address the fire propertiesof insulation materials.1.4 This
6、guide is not intended for commercial, architectural,acoustical, marine, vehicle transport, or military use.1.5 This guide does not address insulation system design forrefractory linings or cold boxes whereby these are typicallypackage units and of a proprietary insulation design.1.6 The values state
7、d in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use.
8、 It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A167 Specification for Stainless and Heat-ResistingChromium-Nickel Steel Plat
9、e, Sheet, and Strip (With-drawn 2014)3A240/A240M Specification for Chromium and Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steel Plate, Sheet, and Strip for PressureVessels and for General ApplicationsA653/A653M Specification for Steel Sheet, Zinc-Coated(Galvanized) or Zinc-Iron Alloy-Coated (Galvannealed)by the Hot
10、-Dip ProcessA792/A792M Specification for Steel Sheet, 55 %Aluminum-Zinc Alloy-Coated by the Hot-Dip ProcessB209 Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-AlloySheet and PlateC165 Test Method for Measuring Compressive Properties ofThermal InsulationsC167 Test Methods for Thickness and Density of Blanke
11、t orBatt Thermal InsulationsC168 Terminology Relating to Thermal InsulationC177 Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measure-ments and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means ofthe Guarded-Hot-Plate ApparatusC195 Specification for Mineral Fiber Thermal InsulatingCementC203 Test Methods for Breaki
12、ng Load and Flexural Proper-ties of Block-Type Thermal InsulationC209 Test Methods for Cellulosic Fiber Insulating BoardC240 Test Methods of Testing Cellular Glass InsulationBlockC272 Test Method for Water Absorption of Core Materialsfor Structural Sandwich ConstructionsC302 Test Method for Density
13、and Dimensions of Pre-formed Pipe-Covering-Type Thermal InsulationC303 Test Method for Dimensions and Density of Pre-formed Block and BoardType Thermal Insulation1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C16 on ThermalInsulation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.40 o
14、n InsulationSystems.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2014. Published October 2014. Originallyapproved in 2012. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as C169614. DOI:10.1520/C169614AE01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at servicea
15、stm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19
16、428-2959. United States1C335 Test Method for Steady-State Heat Transfer Propertiesof Pipe InsulationC351 Test Method for Mean Specific Heat of ThermalInsulation (Withdrawn 2008)3C354 Test Method for Compressive Strength of ThermalInsulating or Finishing Cement (Withdrawn 2002)3C356 Test Method for L
17、inear Shrinkage of Preformed High-Temperature Thermal Insulation Subjected to SoakingHeatC411 Test Method for Hot-Surface Performance of High-Temperature Thermal InsulationC446 Test Method for Breaking Load and Calculated Modu-lus of Rupture of Preformed Insulation for Pipes (With-drawn 2002)3C447 P
18、ractice for Estimating the Maximum Use Tempera-ture of Thermal InsulationsC449 Specification for Mineral Fiber Hydraulic-SettingThermal Insulating and Finishing CementC450 Practice for Fabrication of Thermal Insulating FittingCovers for NPS Piping, and Vessel LaggingC518 Test Method for Steady-State
19、 Thermal TransmissionProperties by Means of the Heat Flow Meter ApparatusC533 Specification for Calcium Silicate Block and PipeThermal InsulationC534 Specification for Preformed Flexible Elastomeric Cel-lular Thermal Insulation in Sheet and Tubular FormC547 Specification for Mineral Fiber Pipe Insul
20、ationC552 Specification for Cellular Glass Thermal InsulationC553 Specification for Mineral Fiber Blanket Thermal Insu-lation for Commercial and Industrial ApplicationsC578 Specification for Rigid, Cellular Polystyrene ThermalInsulationC591 Specification for Unfaced Preformed Rigid CellularPolyisocy
21、anurate Thermal InsulationC592 Specification for Mineral Fiber Blanket Insulation andBlanket-Type Pipe Insulation (Metal-Mesh Covered) (In-dustrial Type)C610 Specification for Molded Expanded Perlite Block andPipe Thermal InsulationC612 Specification for Mineral Fiber Block and BoardThermal Insulati
22、onC665 Specification for Mineral-Fiber Blanket Thermal Insu-lation for Light Frame Construction and ManufacturedHousingC680 Practice for Estimate of the Heat Gain or Loss and theSurface Temperatures of Insulated Flat, Cylindrical, andSpherical Systems by Use of Computer ProgramsC692 Test Method for
23、Evaluating the Influence of ThermalInsulations on External Stress Corrosion Cracking Ten-dency of Austenitic Stainless SteelC764 Specification for Mineral Fiber Loose-Fill ThermalInsulationC795 Specification for Thermal Insulation for Use in Con-tact with Austenitic Stainless SteelC800 Specification
24、 for Fibrous Glass Blanket Insulation(Aircraft Type)C871 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Thermal Insu-lation Materials for Leachable Chloride, Fluoride, Silicate,and Sodium IonsC1029 Specification for Spray-Applied Rigid Cellular Poly-urethane Thermal InsulationC1055 Guide for Heated System Su
25、rface Conditions thatProduce Contact Burn InjuriesC1057 Practice for Determination of Skin Contact Tempera-ture from Heated Surfaces Using a Mathematical Modeland ThermesthesiometerC1104/C1104M Test Method for Determining the WaterVapor Sorption of Unfaced Mineral Fiber InsulationC1126 Specification
26、 for Faced or Unfaced Rigid CellularPhenolic Thermal InsulationC1139 Specification for Fibrous Glass Thermal Insulationand Sound Absorbing Blanket and Board for MilitaryApplicationsC1289 Specification for Faced Rigid Cellular Polyisocyanu-rate Thermal Insulation BoardC1393 Specification for Perpendi
27、cularly Oriented MineralFiber Roll and Sheet Thermal Insulation for Pipes andTanksC1427 Specification for Extruded Preformed Flexible Cel-lular Polyolefin Thermal Insulation in Sheet and TubularFormC1511 Test Method for Determining the Water Retention(Repellency) Characteristics of Fibrous Glass Ins
28、ulation(Aircraft Type)C1559 Test Method for Determining Wicking of FibrousGlass Blanket Insulation (Aircraft Type)C1729 Specification for Aluminum Jacketing for InsulationC1617 Practice for Quantitative Accelerated LaboratoryEvaluation of Extraction Solutions Containing IonsLeached from Thermal Insu
29、lation on Aqueous Corrosionof MetalsD1621 Test Method for Compressive Properties of RigidCellular PlasticsD1622 Test Method for Apparent Density of Rigid CellularPlasticsD2126 Test Method for Response of Rigid Cellular Plasticsto Thermal and Humid AgingD2842 Test Method for Water Absorption of Rigid
30、 CellularPlasticsD3574 Test Methods for Flexible Cellular MaterialsSlab,Bonded, and Molded Urethane FoamsE84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics ofBuilding MaterialsE96/E96M Test Methods for Water Vapor Transmission ofMaterialsE136 Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a VerticalTube
31、Furnace at 750CE176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE659 Test Method for Autoignition Temperature of LiquidChemicalsE2652 Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a TubeFurnace with a Cone-shaped Airflow Stabilizer, at 750CC1696 14a122.2 API Standard:API 521 Guide for Pressure-Relieving and Depressurin
32、gSystems42.3 NACE Standard:SP0198 Standard PracticeThe Control of Corrosion UnderThermal Insulation and Fireproofing MaterialsA Sys-tem Approach52.4 NFPA Standards:6NFPA 49 Hazardous Chemicals DataNFPA 90A Standard for the Installation of Air Conditioningand Ventilating SystemsNFPA 259 Standard Test
33、 Method for Potential Heat ofBuilding Materials2.5 Federal Standard:40 CFR 60 Protection of EnvironmentStandards of Per-formance for New Stationary Sources73. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsTerminology C168 is recommended to pro-vide definitions and information on symbols, units, and abbre-viations of te
34、rms used inASTM standards pertaining to thermalinsulation materials and materials associated with them. Ter-minology E176 is recommended to provide terms and standarddefinitions for fire standards. Any term used in this guide thatis not defined in Terminology C168 or E176 will be defined inthe secti
35、on in which the term is used.3.2 Acronyms and Abbreviations:3.2.1 ACMasbestos-containing materials3.2.2 ACTautoignition temperature3.2.3 ASJall service jacket3.2.4 CPVCchlorinated polyvinyl chloride3.2.5 DFTdry film thickness3.2.6 EPAEnvironmental Protection Agency3.2.7 FRPfiberglass-reinforced plas
36、tic3.2.8 FSI/SDIflame spread index/smoke developed index3.2.9 MSDSmaterial safety data sheet3.2.10 NAIMANorth American Insulation ManufacturersAssociation3.2.11 NDTnondestructive testing3.2.12 NFPANational Fire Protection Association3.2.13 OSHAOccupational Safety and Health Administra-tion3.2.14 PVC
37、polyvinyl chloride3.2.15 QA/QCquality assurance/quality control3.2.16 SSstainless steel3.2.17 UVultraviolet3.2.18 WVTwater vapor transmission4. Significance and Use4.1 When choosing a thermal insulation product or combi-nation of products, physical, chemical and mechanical proper-ties and the signif
38、icance of those properties should be consid-ered. ASTM test methods are usually performed underlaboratory conditions and may not accurately represent fieldconditions depending on process temperature, environment,and operating conditions. Performance results obtained usingASTM test methods can be use
39、d to determine compliance ofmaterials to specifications but do not necessarily predictinstalled performance. Values stated in the ASTM materialstandards are those that apply to the majority of materials andnot to any specific product; other tested values may exist forspecific material applications.4
40、.2 Design of thermal insulation systems requires the un-derstanding of process requirements, temperature control, heatloss criteria, control of thermal shock, and mechanical forceson insulation generated by thermal gradients and wind envi-ronmental conditions. Sometimes, the mechanical design ofpipi
41、ng and equipment needs to be modified to support insula-tion adequately and provide for insulation weatherproofing.Process requirements may dictate the control of critical tem-perature to prevent freezing, maintain viscosity, or minimizeinternal corrosion. When handling heat transfer fluids such ase
42、thylene oxide or hot oils, the selection of insulation materialsand the insulation system design becomes critical. whereby Ifthese fluids are absorb in insulation materials, the fluid flashpoint could be below the fluid operating temperature. Specifiedheat gain or heat loss and acceptable surface te
43、mperaturescould also dictate thermal design of insulation systems. Envi-ronmental corrosivity, high wind, and extreme ambient tem-peratures affect the selection of weatherproofing and methodsof its securement. A combination of these factors plays asignificant role in the selection of insulation mate
44、rials andapplication methods to provide long-lasting trouble-free ser-vice.4.3 Application methods are generally defined by the pur-chasers specifications. However, some specialty insulationsystems, such as prefabricated insulation panels for ductwork,precipitators, and tanks, will also have supplem
45、ental installa-tion requirements specified by the insulation system manufac-turer. defined by the specification of the manufacturer.4.4 In any application of thermal insulation, the insulationrequires protection of some type, be it protection from theelements such as rain, snow, sleet, wind, ultravi
46、olet solarradiation, protection from external forces that can causemechanical damage, vapor passage, fire, chemical attack, orany combination of these. This protection can be provided inby metal, plastic, coated or laminated composites or both,mastic coatings, or a combination of the above depending
47、 uponthe application, service, and economic requirements. Consid-ering the enormous overall cost of a new facility, and compar-ing the initial cost of the insulated portion as a small percentageof that overall cost with the substantially increased operatingcost as a result of inefficient insulation
48、protection, it is commonsense to provide only the best insulation system available andthe best protection for that long-term investment consistentwith the appropriate design and economic requirements. Usu-ally a new facility is very expensive and the initial cost of the4Available from American Petro
49、leum Institute (API), 1220 L. St., NW,Washington, DC 20005-4070, http:/www.api.org.5Available from NACE International (NACE), 1440 South Creek Dr., Houston,TX 77084-4906, http:/www.nace.org.6Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 BatterymarchPark, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http:/www.nfpa.org.7Available from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent ofDocuments, 732 N. Capital St., NW, Washington, DC 20402-0001.C1696 14a13insulation portion is a small percentage of that overall cost.However, increased operating cost
