1、Designation: C1696 15Standard Guide forIndustrial Thermal Insulation Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1696; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parenthe
2、ses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers information on selection of insulationmaterials, systems design, application methods, protectivecoverings, guarantees, inspection, test
3、ing, and maintenance ofthermal insulation primarily for industrial applications in atemperature range of -320 to 1200F (-195.5 to 648.8C).1.2 This guide is intended to provide practical guidelines,by applying acceptable current practice while indicating thebasic principles by which new materials can
4、 be assessed andadapted for use under widely differing conditions. Designengineers, the general contractors, the fabricators, and theinsulation contractors will find this guide helpful.1.3 Although some insulation system designs can serve asfire protection, this guide does not address the criteria s
5、pecificto that need. API 521 Guide for Pressure-Relieving andDepressuring Systems is recommended as a reference for fireprotection. This guide will however address the fire propertiesof insulation materials.1.4 This guide is not intended for commercial, architectural,acoustical, marine, vehicle tran
6、sport, or military use.1.5 This guide does not address insulation system design forrefractory linings or cold boxes whereby these are typicallypackage units and of a proprietary insulation design.1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses
7、 are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safe
8、ty and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A167 Specification for Stainless and Heat-ResistingChromium-Nickel Steel Plate, Sheet, and Strip (With-drawn 2014)3A240/A240M Specification for Chromium and Chro
9、mium-Nickel Stainless Steel Plate, Sheet, and Strip for PressureVessels and for General ApplicationsA653/A653M Specification for Steel Sheet, Zinc-Coated(Galvanized) or Zinc-Iron Alloy-Coated (Galvannealed)by the Hot-Dip ProcessA792/A792M Specification for Steel Sheet, 55 %Aluminum-Zinc Alloy-Coated
10、 by the Hot-Dip ProcessB209 Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-AlloySheet and PlateC165 Test Method for Measuring Compressive Properties ofThermal InsulationsC167 Test Methods for Thickness and Density of Blanket orBatt Thermal InsulationsC168 Terminology Relating to Thermal InsulationC177 Test
11、 Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measure-ments and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means ofthe Guarded-Hot-Plate ApparatusC195 Specification for Mineral Fiber Thermal InsulatingCementC203 Test Methods for Breaking Load and Flexural Proper-ties of Block-Type Thermal InsulationC209 Test Methods f
12、or Cellulosic Fiber Insulating BoardC240 Test Methods of Testing Cellular Glass InsulationBlockC272/C272M Test Method for Water Absorption of CoreMaterials for Sandwich ConstructionsC302 Test Method for Density and Dimensions of Pre-formed Pipe-Covering-Type Thermal InsulationC303 Test Method for Di
13、mensions and Density of Pre-formed Block and BoardType Thermal InsulationC335/C335M Test Method for Steady-State Heat Transfer1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C16 on ThermalInsulation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.40 on InsulationSystems.Current edition
14、approved Sept. 1, 2015. Published October 2015. Originallyapproved in 2012. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as C169614a1. DOI:10.1520/C169615.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStanda
15、rds volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1Properties of
16、Pipe InsulationC351 Test Method for Mean Specific Heat of ThermalInsulation (Withdrawn 2008)3C356 Test Method for Linear Shrinkage of Preformed High-Temperature Thermal Insulation Subjected to SoakingHeatC411 Test Method for Hot-Surface Performance of High-Temperature Thermal InsulationC446 Test Met
17、hod for Breaking Load and Calculated Modu-lus of Rupture of Preformed Insulation for Pipes (With-drawn 2002)3C447 Practice for Estimating the Maximum Use Tempera-ture of Thermal InsulationsC449 Specification for Mineral Fiber Hydraulic-SettingThermal Insulating and Finishing CementC450 Practice for
18、Fabrication of Thermal Insulating FittingCovers for NPS Piping, and Vessel LaggingC518 Test Method for Steady-State Thermal TransmissionProperties by Means of the Heat Flow Meter ApparatusC533 Specification for Calcium Silicate Block and PipeThermal InsulationC534/C534M Specification for Preformed F
19、lexible Elasto-meric Cellular Thermal Insulation in Sheet and TubularFormC547 Specification for Mineral Fiber Pipe InsulationC552 Specification for Cellular Glass Thermal InsulationC553 Specification for Mineral Fiber Blanket Thermal Insu-lation for Commercial and Industrial ApplicationsC578 Specifi
20、cation for Rigid, Cellular Polystyrene ThermalInsulationC591 Specification for Unfaced Preformed Rigid CellularPolyisocyanurate Thermal InsulationC592 Specification for Mineral Fiber Blanket Insulation andBlanket-Type Pipe Insulation (Metal-Mesh Covered) (In-dustrial Type)C610 Specification for Mold
21、ed Expanded Perlite Block andPipe Thermal InsulationC612 Specification for Mineral Fiber Block and BoardThermal InsulationC665 Specification for Mineral-Fiber Blanket Thermal Insu-lation for Light Frame Construction and ManufacturedHousingC680 Practice for Estimate of the Heat Gain or Loss and theSu
22、rface Temperatures of Insulated Flat, Cylindrical, andSpherical Systems by Use of Computer ProgramsC692 Test Method for Evaluating the Influence of ThermalInsulations on External Stress Corrosion Cracking Ten-dency of Austenitic Stainless SteelC795 Specification for Thermal Insulation for Use in Con
23、-tact with Austenitic Stainless SteelC871 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Thermal Insu-lation Materials for Leachable Chloride, Fluoride, Silicate,and Sodium IonsC1029 Specification for Spray-Applied Rigid Cellular Poly-urethane Thermal InsulationC1055 Guide for Heated System Surface Condition
24、s thatProduce Contact Burn InjuriesC1104/C1104M Test Method for Determining the WaterVapor Sorption of Unfaced Mineral Fiber InsulationC1126 Specification for Faced or Unfaced Rigid CellularPhenolic Thermal InsulationC1139 Specification for Fibrous Glass Thermal Insulationand Sound Absorbing Blanket
25、 and Board for MilitaryApplicationsC1289 Specification for Faced Rigid Cellular Polyisocyanu-rate Thermal Insulation BoardC1393 Specification for Perpendicularly Oriented MineralFiber Roll and Sheet Thermal Insulation for Pipes andTanksC1427 Specification for Extruded Preformed Flexible Cel-lular Po
26、lyolefin Thermal Insulation in Sheet and TubularFormC1511 Test Method for Determining the Water Retention(Repellency) Characteristics of Fibrous Glass Insulation(Aircraft Type)C1559 Test Method for Determining Wicking of FibrousGlass Blanket Insulation (Aircraft Type)C1617 Practice for Quantitative
27、Accelerated LaboratoryEvaluation of Extraction Solutions Containing IonsLeached from Thermal Insulation on Aqueous Corrosionof MetalsD1621 Test Method for Compressive Properties of RigidCellular PlasticsD1622/D1622M Test Method for Apparent Density of RigidCellular PlasticsD2126 Test Method for Resp
28、onse of Rigid Cellular Plasticsto Thermal and Humid AgingD2842 Test Method for Water Absorption of Rigid CellularPlasticsD3574 Test Methods for Flexible Cellular MaterialsSlab,Bonded, and Molded Urethane FoamsE84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics ofBuilding MaterialsE96/E96M Test Metho
29、ds for Water Vapor Transmission ofMaterialsE136 Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a VerticalTube Furnace at 750CE176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE659 Test Method for Autoignition Temperature of Chemi-calsE2652 Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a TubeFurnace with a Cone-shaped Airflow
30、Stabilizer, at 750C2.2 API Standard:API 521 Guide for Pressure-Relieving and DepressuringSystems42.3 NACE Standard:SP0198 Standard PracticeThe Control of Corrosion UnderThermal Insulation and Fireproofing MaterialsA Sys-tem Approach54Available from American Petroleum Institute (API), 1220 L. St., NW
31、,Washington, DC 20005-4070, http:/www.api.org.5Available from NACE International (NACE), 1440 South Creek Dr., Houston,TX 77084-4906, http:/www.nace.org.C1696 1522.4 NFPA Standards:6NFPA 49 Hazardous Chemicals DataNFPA 90A Standard for the Installation of Air Conditioningand Ventilating SystemsNFPA
32、259 Standard Test Method for Potential Heat ofBuilding Materials2.5 Federal Standard:40 CFR 60 Protection of EnvironmentStandards of Per-formance for New Stationary Sources73. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsTerminology C168 is recommended to pro-vide definitions and information on symbols, units, and abb
33、re-viations of terms used inASTM standards pertaining to thermalinsulation materials and materials associated with them. Ter-minology E176 is recommended to provide terms and standarddefinitions for fire standards. Any term used in this guide thatis not defined in Terminology C168 or E176 will be de
34、fined inthe section in which the term is used.3.2 Acronyms:ACM = asbestos-containing materialsACT = autoignition temperatureASJ = all service jacketCPVC = chlorinated polyvinyl chlorideDFT = dry film thicknessEPA = Environmental Protection AgencyFRP = fiberglass-reinforced plasticFSI/SDI = flame spr
35、ead index/smoke developed indexMSDS = material safety data sheetNAIMA = North American Insulation Manufacturers Asso-ciationNDT = nondestructive testingNFPA = National Fire Protection AssociationOSHA = Occupational Safety and Health AdministrationPVC = polyvinyl chlorideQA/QC = quality assurance/qua
36、lity controlSS = stainless steelUV = ultravioletWVT = water vapor transmission4. Significance and Use4.1 When choosing a thermal insulation product or combi-nation of products, physical, chemical and mechanical proper-ties and the significance of those properties should be consid-ered. ASTM test met
37、hods are usually performed underlaboratory conditions and may not accurately represent fieldconditions depending on process temperature, environment,and operating conditions. Performance results obtained usingASTM test methods can be used to determine compliance ofmaterials to specifications but do
38、not necessarily predictinstalled performance. Values stated in the ASTM materialstandards are those that apply to the majority of materials andnot to any specific product; other tested values may exist forspecific material applications.4.2 Design of thermal insulation systems requires the un-derstan
39、ding of process requirements, temperature control, heatloss criteria, control of thermal shock, and mechanical forceson insulation generated by thermal gradients and wind envi-ronmental conditions. Sometimes, the mechanical design ofpiping and equipment needs to be modified to support insula-tion ad
40、equately and provide for insulation weatherproofing.Process requirements may dictate the control of critical tem-perature to prevent freezing, maintain viscosity, or minimizeinternal corrosion. When handling heat transfer fluids such asethylene oxide or hot oils, the selection of insulation material
41、sand the insulation system design becomes critical. whereby Ifthese fluids are absorb in insulation materials, the fluid flashpoint could be below the fluid operating temperature. Specifiedheat gain or heat loss and acceptable surface temperaturescould also dictate thermal design of insulation syste
42、ms. Envi-ronmental corrosivity, high wind, and extreme ambient tem-peratures affect the selection of weatherproofing and methodsof its securement. A combination of these factors plays asignificant role in the selection of insulation materials andapplication methods to provide long-lasting trouble-fr
43、ee ser-vice.4.3 Application methods are generally defined by the pur-chasers specifications. However, some specialty insulationsystems, such as prefabricated insulation panels for ductwork,precipitators, and tanks, will also have supplemental installa-tion requirements specified by the insulation sy
44、stem manufac-turer. defined by the specification of the manufacturer.4.4 In any application of thermal insulation, the insulationrequires protection of some type, be it protection from theelements such as rain, snow, sleet, wind, ultraviolet solarradiation, protection from external forces that can c
45、ausemechanical damage, vapor passage, fire, chemical attack, orany combination of these. This protection can be provided inby metal, plastic, coated or laminated composites or both,mastic coatings, or a combination of the above depending uponthe application, service, and economic requirements. Consi
46、d-ering the enormous overall cost of a new facility, and compar-ing the initial cost of the insulated portion as a small percentageof that overall cost with the substantially increased operatingcost as a result of inefficient insulation protection, it is commonsense to provide only the best insulati
47、on system available andthe best protection for that long-term investment consistentwith the appropriate design and economic requirements. Usu-ally a new facility is very expensive and the initial cost of theinsulation portion is a small percentage of that overall cost.However, increased operating co
48、sts can result from inefficientprotection.4.5 Bid invitations should contain information necessary todetermine how guarantees of materials and application will beresolved.4.6 It is recommended that the purchaser provide a qualityassurance program that defines the inspection of all materials,material
49、 safety data sheets (MSDS), and specific applicationprocedures before and during progress of the insulation work.4.7 During contract negotiations, the contractor and pur-chaser should discuss and agree to the procedures to be adopted6Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 BatterymarchPark, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http:/www.nfpa.org.7Available from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent ofDocuments, 732 N. Capital St., NW, Washington, DC 20402-0001.C1696 153for suitable periodic inspection and maintenance of the insu-lation systems
