1、Designation: C170/C170M 09C170/C170M 14Standard Test Method forCompressive Strength of Dimension Stone1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C170/C170M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、 revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the sampling
3、, preparation of specimens, and determination of the compressive strength ofdimension stone.1.2 UnitsThe values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values statedin each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used
4、independently of the other. Combining valuesfrom the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate sa
5、fety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C39 Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete SpecimensC119 Terminology Relating to Dimension StoneE4 Practices for Force Verification of Test
6、ing Machines3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsAll definitions are in accordance with Terminology C119.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method is useful in indicating the differences in compressive strength between the various dimension stones. Thistest method also provides one element in comparing st
7、ones of the same type.5. Apparatus5.1 AnyThe testing machine conforming to Practicesused shall conform to the E4 and to therequirements of Test MethodC39speed of testing requirements prescribed in Section, Section 5, including the calibration requirements 9 ofof Practices E4thistest method may be us
8、ed5.2 The testing machine used shall be capable of applying the required load at a uniform rate as prescribed in Section 9 andapplying load in a steady manner as to avoid sudden or rapid load changes.5.3 In vertical testing machines, the spherical bearing blockThe spherical bearing block of the test
9、ing machine shall besuspended from the upper head of the machine in such a manner so that the contact plate remains in a central position (sphericalsurfaces in full contact) when not loaded. The spherical surfaces shall be well lubricated, and the center of curvature shall lie inbe aligned within th
10、e surface of contact with the specimen.5.4 Fig. 1 illustrates the correct alignment of a specimen and the typical components of a testing machine conforming to theserequirements.1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C18 on Dimension Stone and is the direct responsibility of
11、Subcommittee C18.01 on Test Methods.Current edition approved April 1, 2009May 1, 2014. Published April 2009June 2014. Originally approved in 1941. Last previous edition approved in 20062009 asC170C170/C170M06.09. DOI: 10.1520/C0170_C0170M-09.10.1520/C0170_C0170M-14.2 For referencedASTM standards, vi
12、sit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM stand
13、ard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM
14、 is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States16. Sampling6.1 The sample shall be selected to represent a true average of the type or grade of stone under consideration and shall be ofthe qu
15、ality supplied to the market in finished form under the type designation to be tested. The sample may be selected by thepurchaser or his authorized representative from quarried stone or taken from the natural ledge and shall be of adequate size topermit the preparation of the desired number of test
16、specimens. When perceptible variations occur, the purchaser may select asmany samples as are necessary for determining the variation in compressive strength.7. Test Specimens7.1 The test specimens may be cubes or cylinders and shall be cut from the sample with saws or core drills. The diameter orlat
17、eral dimension (distance between opposite vertical faces) shall be not less than 2 in. 50 mm (Explanatory Note 1), and the ratioof height (Explanatory Note 2) to diameter or lateral dimension shall be 1:1. At least five specimens shall be prepared for eachcondition of the test; that is, when the com
18、pressive strength is desired for the wet and dry conditions but in only one direction,such as perpendicular to the bed (or rift) (see Fig. 12(a), ten specimens will be required. For wet and dry strength tests bothperpendicular and parallel to the bed (or rift) (see Fig. 12(a) and (b), twenty specime
19、ns are required (Explanatory Note 3). Theload-bearing faces shall be finished by grinding to as nearly true and parallel planes (Explanatory Note 4) as practicable.7.2 The load-bearing surfaces and the direction of bedding (or rift) shall be marked on each specimen after finishing.7.3 The load-beari
20、ng areas of the specimen shall be calculated from measurements taken midway between the load-bearingsurfaces. The dimensions of the specimens shall be measured to the nearest 0.02 in. (0.5 mm) and the load-bearing areas calculatedto the nearest 0.04 in.2 0.10 mm2.8. Conditioning8.1 Before testing th
21、e specimens in a dry condition, dry them for 48 h at 140 6 4F 60 6 2C. At the 46th, 47th, and 48thh, weigh the specimens to ensure that the weight is the same. If the weight continues to drop, continue to dry the specimens untilthere are 3 successive hourly readings with the same weight. After remov
22、ing the specimens from the oven, cool them to roomtemperature in a desiccator before testing them.FIG. 1 Diagram of a Specimen Properly Aligned within a Testing Apparatus Suitable for Compressive Strength Testing(a) Loading Perpendicular to Bedding or Rift (b) Loading Parallel to Bedding or RiftNOTE
23、 1Dashed lines indicate direction of bedding or rift. Arrows indicate direction of loading.FIG. 12 Methods of Applying Load with Reference to Bedding or RiftC170/C170M 1428.2 Before testing the specimens in a wet condition, immerse them in water for 48 h at 72 6 4F 22 6 2C. Test themimmediately upon
24、 removal from the bath, wiping the specimens free of surface water.9. Procedure9.1 Center the specimens in the testing machine and apply the initial load at a rate that will permit hand adjustment of the contactplate on the specimen. Rotate the plate back and forth through an angle of about 30 under
25、 a small load to properly seat thespherical block, but take care not to move the specimen out of the central position. Preferably, the rate of loading should not exceed100 psi/s 0.5 MPa/s, but this requirement may be considered as being met if the speed of the loading head is not more than 0.05in./m
26、in 1 mm/min.10. Calculation10.1 Calculate the compressive strength of each specimen as follows:C 5W/A (1)where:C = compressive strength of the specimen, psi MPaW = total load, lbf N, on the specimen at failure, andA = calculated area of the bearing surface in in.2 mm2.Round each individual result to
27、 the nearest 100 psi 1 MPa.11. Report11.1 Report the average of all values of compressive strength of specimens loaded perpendicular to the bedding (or rift) asshown in Fig. 1(a) in a dry condition as the compressive strength perpendicular to the rift in a dry condition. Similarly report thevalues p
28、erpendicular/wet, parallel/dry as shown in Fig. 1(b) and parallel/wet. All determinations shall be reported as information.11.1 The following additional information shall be reported:report shall include the following:11.1.1 Date,11.1.2 Testing agency,11.1.3 Personnel responsible for the test result
29、s,11.1.4 Description of the testing equipment or apparatus used,11.1.5 Identification of the sample,samples, including name and location of the quarry, name or position of the ledge, date whensample was taken and trade name or grade of stone,11.1.6 Stone type,11.1.7 Specimen dimensions,11.1.8 Stone
30、specimen orientations tested,11.1.9 Conditioning procedures used,11.1.10 Individual test results for each specimen,11.1.11 Size and shape of specimens used in the tests, andAverage value of the test results for each test condition (wet, dry,perpendicular to rift, parallel to rift, etc.) using the fo
31、llowing equation:Cav 5 sum of individual test results for each test condition! (2)number of tests for each test condition!11.1.12 A description of the way in which the specimens were Standard deviation(s) of the test results for each test conditionusing the following relation:S 5sum of test result 2
32、 Cav!2 (3)number of test 2 1!#12prepared.11.1.13 Statements describing deviations from the above-described testing procedures, as well as any variance from the testspecimen dimensional and preparatory requirements.12. Precision and Bias12.1 Individual variations in a natural product may result in de
33、viation from accepted values. A precision section will be addedwhen sufficient data are available to indicate acceptable tolerances in repeatability and reproducibility.C170/C170M 143EXPLANATORY NOTESNOTE 1For very coarse-grain materials like some of the granites, the diameter of the specimen should
34、 not be less than 2.5 in. 65 mm.NOTE 2The height of the specimen is considered as the distance between the load-bearing faces.NOTE 3In some materials, such as granite, three directions with respect to fissility are recognized, as follows: “rift” (the plane of easiest splitting),“grain” (the plane of
35、 next easiest splitting), and “head-grain” (the plane of hardest splitting). Occasionally, tests are required for determining the strengthperpendicular to each of these directions. In such cases, the sample shall be marked at the quarry to show which faces are grain, rift, and head-grain, andthe req
36、uired number of specimens shall be prepared with load-bearing faces parallel to each of these planes and properly labeled for the various tests.NOTE 4Accuracy of test results depends largely on uniform distribution of the load over the bearing faces. In order to grind the surfaces to reasonablytrue
37、planes, considerable care is necessary. The following procedure is suggested: Assuming that the specimen is a cube or cylinder and the load is tobe applied to the ends, mark two adjacent sides for reference, then grind the ends on a grinding wheel or lap until they are perpendicular to these referen
38、cesides as gaged by a try square. Complete the grinding by rubbing the ends on a smooth machine-planed surface of a cast iron plate with No. 80 emeryand water. The specimen should be grasped as near the surface of the plate as possible to prevent rocking of the specimen. A suitable way to determinew
39、hen the surfaces are reasonably plane is to dip the specimen in water and press the ends on a smooth machine-planed and polished surface of a 10-lb5-kg weight. If the weight can be lifted by raising the specimen, the surfaces may be considered to be sufficiently accurate. A satisfactory mechanicalme
40、ans of finishing the bearing surfaces of the specimens is to place them in a chuck in a lathe and surface the ends with a tool post grinder. This grinderconsists of a small motor and arbor carrying an abrasive wheel which turns at about 5000 rpm. A three-point chuck is used to permit the surfacing o
41、fcylindrical, square prism, or cubical specimens. When the square-type specimen is used it will be necessary to place a small piece of notched metalbetween the specimen and one chuck point. This causes the specimen to be placed somewhat off-center but does not interfere with the surfacing process.Th
42、e surface can be tested for planeness by holding a straightedge on the surface and viewing it before a strong light. Specimens finished in this waycommonly give considerably higher test results than specimens prepared by hand.13. Keywords13.1 compressive strength; dimension stone; stone; testEXPLANA
43、TORY NOTESNOTE 1For very coarse-grain materials like some of the granites, the diameter of the specimen should not be less than 2.5 in. 65 mm.NOTE 2The height of the specimen is considered as the distance between the load-bearing faces.NOTE 3In some materials, such as granite, three directions with
44、respect to fissility are recognized, as follows: “rift” (the plane of easiest splitting),“grain” (the plane of next easiest splitting), and “head-grain” (the plane of hardest splitting). Occasionally, tests are required for determining the strengthperpendicular to each of these directions. In such c
45、ases, the sample shall be marked at the quarry to show which faces are grain, rift, and head-grain, andthe required number of specimens shall be prepared with load-bearing faces parallel to each of these planes and properly labeled for the various tests.NOTE 4Accuracy of test results depends largely
46、 on uniform distribution of the load over the bearing faces. In order to grind the surfaces to reasonablytrue planes, considerable care is necessary. The following procedure is suggested: Assuming that the specimen is a cube or cylinder and the load is tobe applied to the ends, mark two adjacent sid
47、es for reference, then grind the ends on a grinding wheel or lap until they are perpendicular to these referencesides as gaged by a try square. Complete the grinding by rubbing the ends on a smooth machine-planed surface of a cast iron plate with No. 80 emeryand water. The specimen should be grasped
48、 as near the surface of the plate as possible to prevent rocking of the specimen. A suitable way to determinewhen the surfaces are reasonably plane is to dip the specimen in water and press the ends on a smooth machine-planed and polished surface of a 10-lb5-kg weight. If the weight can be lifted by
49、 raising the specimen, the surfaces may be considered to be sufficiently accurate. A satisfactory mechanicalmeans of finishing the bearing surfaces of the specimens is to place them in a chuck in a lathe and surface the ends with a tool post grinder. This grinderconsists of a small motor and arbor carrying an abrasive wheel which turns at about 5000 rpm. A three-point chuck is used to permit the surfacing ofcylindrical, square prism, or cubical specimens. When the square-type specimen is used it will be necessary to place
