1、Designation: C1709 11Standard Guide forEvaluation of Alternative Supplementary CementitiousMaterials (ASCM) for Use in Concrete1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1709; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisi
2、on, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This Guide is intended to provide a technical approachto the evaluation of alternative supplementary c
3、ementitiousmaterials such as pozzolans and hydraulic materials that falloutside the scope of Specifications C618, C989, and C1240.This Guide provides the initial steps for a comprehensiveevaluation of an ASCM that provides due diligence for itsspecific intended uses in concrete; however, it does not
4、evaluate conformance to all possible performance criteria forall types of concrete mixtures.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.3 Performing the tests or meeting the test limits in thisguide should not imply th
5、at the material tested meets therequirements of Specifications C618, C989, and C1240. Thesematerials should not be represented as such and each specificsource is to be evaluated separately.1.4 This guide does not purport to address all environmen-tal and safety concerns, if any, associated with its
6、use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this guide to establish the appro-priate environmental, health, and safety issues, and identifyappropriate risk management procedures.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C39/C39M Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cy-lindrical Concrete Specimen
7、sC78 Test Method for Flexural Strength of Concrete (UsingSimple Beam with Third-Point Loading)C109/C109M Test Method for Compressive Strength ofHydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or 50-mm CubeSpecimens)C114 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of HydraulicCementC125 Terminology Relating to Concrete
8、 and Concrete Ag-gregatesC138/C138M Test Method for Density (Unit Weight),Yield, and Air Content (Gravimetric) of ConcreteC143/C143M Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic-CementConcreteC157/C157M Test Method for Length Change of HardenedHydraulic-Cement Mortar and ConcreteC186 Test Method for Heat of H
9、ydration of HydraulicCementC204 Test Methods for Fineness of Hydraulic Cement byAir-Permeability ApparatusC231/C231M Test Method for Air Content of FreshlyMixed Concrete by the Pressure MethodC232/C232M Test Methods for Bleeding of ConcreteC311 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Fly Ash orNatural
10、 Pozzolans for Use in Portland-Cement ConcreteC403/C403M Test Method for Time of Setting of ConcreteMixtures by Penetration ResistanceC430 Test Method for Fineness of Hydraulic Cement by the45-m (No. 325) SieveC457/C457M Test Method for Microscopical Determina-tion of Parameters of the Air-Void Syst
11、em in HardenedConcreteC469 Test Method for Static Modulus of Elasticity andPoissons Ratio of Concrete in CompressionC618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or CalcinedNatural Pozzolan for Use in ConcreteC666/C666M Test Method for Resistance of Concrete toRapid Freezing and ThawingC672/C672M Test
12、 Method for Scaling Resistance of Con-crete Surfaces Exposed to Deicing ChemicalsC989 Specification for Slag Cement for Use in Concreteand MortarsC1012/C1012M Test Method for Length Change ofHydraulic-Cement Mortars Exposed to a Sulfate SolutionC1064/C1064M Test Method for Temperature of FreshlyMixe
13、d Hydraulic-Cement ConcreteC1202 Test Method for Electrical Indication of ConcretesAbility to Resist Chloride Ion Penetration1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on Concreteand ConcreteAggregates and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C09.24 onSupplementary Cement
14、itious Materials.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2011. Published September 2011. DOI:10.1520/C1709-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards
15、 Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.C1218/C1218M Test Method for Water-Soluble Chloride inMortar and ConcreteC1240 Specification for Silica Fume Used in CementitiousMixturesC1293
16、Test Method for Determination of Length Change ofConcrete Due to Alkali-Silica ReactionC1543 Test Method for Determining the Penetration ofChloride Ion into Concrete by PondingC1556 Test Method for Determining the Apparent ChlorideDiffusion Coefficient of Cementitious Mixtures by BulkDiffusionC1567
17、Test Method for Determining the Potential Alkali-Silica Reactivity of Combinations of Cementitious Mate-rials and Aggregate (Accelerated Mortar-Bar Method)C1585 Test Method for Measurement of Rate of Absorptionof Water by Hydraulic-Cement ConcretesC1679 Practice for Measuring Hydration Kinetics of H
18、y-draulic Cementitious Mixtures Using Isothermal Calorim-etryC1702 Test Method for Measurement of Heat of Hydrationof Hydraulic Cementitious Materials Using IsothermalConduction CalorimetryD3987 Test Method for Shake Extraction of Solid Wastewith WaterD4326 Test Method for Major and Minor Elements i
19、n Coaland Coke Ash By X-Ray Fluorescence2.2 ACI Standards:3ACI 211.1 Standard Practice for Selecting Proportions forNormal, Heavyweight and Mass ConcreteACI 318 Building Code Requirements for Structural Con-crete and Commentary3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this
20、 guide, refer toTerminology C125.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 alternative supplementary cementitious materials(ASCM), ninorganic materials that react pozzolanically orhydraulically, and beneficially contribute to the strength, dura-bility, workability, or other characteri
21、stics of concrete, anddoes not meet Specifications C618, C989, and C1240.3.2.2 supplementary cementitious materials (SCM), naslag cement or pozzolan that contributes to the properties ofconcrete or mortar through hydraulic or pozzolanic activity orboth; and meets one of the following: Specification
22、C618,C989,orC1240.4. Significance and Use4.1 Common types of SCM include fly ash, slag cement,calcined clays, and silica fume. The introduction and wide-spread use of fly ash, slag cement, calcined clay, and silicafume have been characterized and supported by significantresearch and development prog
23、rams, preconstruction testing,field testing and long term performance monitoring. As thetechnical and economic benefits of SCM have been recognized,and as sustainability and environmental awareness resulted inthe need to develop new materials and new ways to usematerials not previously utilized, new
24、 sources of potentialSCM are being proposed for use in concrete as ASCM.4.2 If an ASCM does not yet have a significant record ofperformance in concrete, a comprehensive evaluation based onthis Guide should be undertaken, and it should be recognizedthat this ASCM might be introduced for a specific pr
25、oject orinto a limited marketplace to initially demonstrate its perfor-mance. The user should bear in mind the intended end use ofthe ASCM and use appropriate test methods to establish itssuitability. An ASCM that demonstrates good performancethrough a comprehensive evaluation as outlined in this gu
26、idecould then be considered to have access to broader markets andcould be considered for inclusion in an ASTM standard forSCM. For this reason, the test program to demonstrate accept-able performance should include concrete mixtures with arange of characteristics specific to the ASCMs intended use.4
27、.3 In the absence of long-term durability or acceptable fieldperformance, prospective users are advised to apply appropri-ate risk management and engineering practice in the use of anASCM.5. Evaluation Program5.1 Classification of MaterialsThe performance of theevaluated ASCM should be compared to t
28、hat of one of theexisting types of SCM as listed in 1.1. The ASCM should notbe classified as being a variant of, or equivalent to, an existingtype of SCM. The material should be described as an “alter-native supplementary cementitious material (ASCM).” Theprocess that is responsible for generating t
29、he ASCM should beindicated on any reports such that any significant variations inthat process would be noted when it occurs.5.2 Evaluation of the Material5.2.1 GeneralEvaluate the ASCM in a comprehensivelaboratory test program followed by field trials.Asample of theASCM used for this evaluation shou
30、ld be representative of itssource. A phased program suitable for many types of ASCMsis as follows:Stage ICharacterization of the MaterialStage IIDetermination of Suitable FinenessStage IIITesting to Specification C618, C989,orC1240Stage IVConcrete Performance TestsStage VField Trials and Long-Term P
31、erformance andDurability5.2.2 Stage I: Characterization of the MaterialConduct achemical analysis of the material. The chemical analysisshould include the quantity of major, minor, and trace elementconstituents using any relevant method including x-ray fluo-rescence, atomic absorption spectroscopy,
32、inductively coupledplasma spectroscopy, and any appropriate standard methods inTest Methods C114, C311, and D4326. When interpreting thedata, consideration should be given to the potential for thecompounds present to be injurious to the hydration of cementor properties of the concrete. If such compo
33、unds are present,then suitable tests should be conducted to determine the“availability” of these compounds to participate in hydrationreactions.3Available from American Concrete Institute (ACI), P.O. Box 9094, FarmingtonHills, MI 48333-9094, http:/www.concrete.org.C1709 1125.2.3 Stage II: Determinat
34、ion of Suitable FinenessIf theproduction process of the ASCM includes size classification orcrushing and grinding, guidance for the selection of thesuitable fineness can be obtained from compressive strength,durability, and workability tests on mortar made with ASCMand hydraulic cement. It can be ex
35、pected that for mostASCMs,fineness will play a major role in the level of performance oftheASCM in concrete. The appropriate fineness for the desiredproperty should be selected by the manufacturer.Useful data will be obtained from the testing of severallevels of fineness or specific surface area, an
36、d several differentparticle size distributions of the ASCM. Fineness and specificsurface area can be measured using the appropriate testmethods in Test Methods C311, C204, and C430,orgasabsorption BET (Brunauer, Emmett and Teller) technique forspecific surface area. Particle size distribution can be
37、 measuredby laser diffraction particle size analyzer; or other appropriatetest methods.Mortar tests should comply with Test Method C109/C109M.The test program should include a control portland cementmortar mixture for comparison with a similar test mixturemade with anASCM at the typical proposed rep
38、lacement level.Compressive strength tests should be made at 1, 3, 7, and 28days, and may include other appropriate long-term test ages.5.2.4 Stage III: The ASCM should be tested for comparisonwith the chemical, physical, and uniformity requirements ofSpecification C618 (including the supplemental op
39、tional physi-cal requirements), C989,orC1240. In addition, determine andreport the following:(1) Chlorides (Test Method C1218/C1218M)(2) Free calcium oxide (Test Methods C114, Section 28)(3) Soluble alkalis (Test Method C114)(4) Leachable heavy metals (Test Method D3987)(5) Air void stabilityFor ASC
40、M similar to fly ash, thestability of the air bubbles formed during mixing a pastesuspension may be an indication of the air void stability inconcrete made with the same materials. In this test, 60 mL ofdistilled water is placed in a 250 mL wide-mouth glass jar.Then, 30 g of ASCM is added to the wat
41、er. The jar is cappedand vigorously shaken for 15 s. A measured quantity ofair-entraining admixture is then added, and the jar is shaken foran additional 15 s. The jar is then placed upright for 30 s, andthen the cap is removed. If the foam is breaking rapidly or ifvoids appear on the water mixture
42、surface after 30 s, add moreair-entraining admixture, and repeat the shaking and observa-tion procedure. Continue to incrementally add air entrainingadmixture until the foam is stable for 30 s, and then shake themixture for an additional 15 s. The foam is in a stable statewhen the foam is not breaki
43、ng rapidly and no voids in the foamappear on the water mixture surface for at least 60 s. Measureand report on the quantity of air-entraining admixture requiredto maintain the foam in a stable state and the amount of timethat the foam remained in a stable state.5.2.5 Stage IV: Concrete Performance T
44、ests5.2.5.1 GeneralA series of mixtures should be tested. Theperformance of the ASCM in fresh and hardened concreteshould be evaluated in a broad range of concrete mixtures toreflect the intended use of the material. The test programshould include at least one commercially available SCMconforming to
45、 an applicable standard similar to the ASCM,commonly used admixtures and control mixtures without theACSM.5.2.5.2 Concrete Mixture ProportionsAseries of mixturesshould be proportioned with total cementitious materials con-tent varying from 200 to 400 kg/m3. Concrete tested forresistance to freezing
46、and thawing is to have an air content andwater-cementitious material ratio in accordance with ACI 318that is appropriate for the expected exposures. The ASCMshould be tested at various replacement levels that include amixture with a high replacement level. The test program shouldinclude mixtures wit
47、h various types of commonly used chemi-cal admixtures to determine compatibility. Mortar of theproposed mixtures can be screened for compatibility using TestMethod C1679. Commonly used chemical admixtures includeair entraining agents, water reducers, setting time acceleratorsand setting time retarde
48、rs. The test report should includeinformation on the mixture proportions, water-cementitiousmaterial ratio, yield, density and source of materials.5.2.5.3 Fresh Concrete TestingThe following tests shouldbe performed to evaluate the effects of the ASCM on theproperties of freshly mixed concrete:(1) s
49、lump, air content, and temperature (Test MethodC143/C143M, C231/C231M and C1064/C1064M)(2) time of setting (Test Method C403/C403M)(3) fresh density (Test Method C138/C138M)(4) bleeding (Test Method C232/C232M)5.2.5.4 Hardened Concrete and Mortar TestingThe fol-lowing tests should be performed to evaluate the effects of theASCM on the properties of the hardened concrete:(1) compressive strength (Test Method C39/C39M)at1,3,7, 28, 90 days, and 1 year(2) flexural strength (Test Method C78) at 28 days(3) length change (drying shrinkage) (Test Method C157/C157M)(4) a
