1、Designation: C 1717 09Standard Test Methods forConducting Strength Tests of Masonry Wall Panels1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1717; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
2、A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONEngineered design of masonry structures requires accurate technical data on the strength andload-deflection behavior of masonry wall
3、elements. These test methods provide a systematic basis forobtaining such data.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover methods for determining thestrength and load-deflection characteristics of masonry wallelements.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values give
4、n in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish a
5、ppro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 2126 Test Methods for Cyclic (Reversed) Load Test forShear Resistance of Vertical Elements of the Lateral ForceResisting Systems for Buildings3
6、. Significance and Use3.1 The test methods described in this standard are intendedfor use as a starting point in developing specific testingprotocols for masonry elements.3.1.1 The testing protocols could be used for general re-search on the load-deflection behavior of masonry elements.3.1.2 The tes
7、ting protocols could be used for qualification ofmasonry elements and materials by evaluation services andother parties.3.1.3 The test methods described in this standard are gen-eral, and are intended to be adaptable to address a wide rangeof anticipated support and loading conditions.3.2 How the te
8、st results are interpreted will depend on theintended use of the masonry element being tested.4. Test Specimens4.1 General DescriptionThe specimens shall have mate-rials and workmanship representative of the structural elementsthey are intended to represent, and be large enough to be usefulin predic
9、ting the structural performance of those elements.4.2 Length or HeightThe specimen shall be long enough(for horizontal testing) or tall enough (for vertical testing) sothat its behavior under load will simulate that of the elementthat the specimen is intended to represent.4.3 WidthThe specimen shall
10、 be wide enough so that itsbehavior under load will simulate that of the element thespecimen is intended to represent.4.4 Laboratory EnvironmentMaintain the air in the labo-ratory at a temperature of 75 6 15F (24 6 8C) and a relativehumidity of 55 6 25 %.4.5 Preconditioning of Masonry MaterialsPreco
11、nditionmaterials by storing in the laboratory environment for at least5 days before use.4.6 AgeTest masonry construction at an age of at least 28days after fabrication, unless specified otherwise.5. General Requirements for Instrumentation5.1 Load MeasurementMeasure loads with a load cell orpressure
12、 transducer having a precision better than or equal to1 % of the expected maximum load.1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 onManufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC15.04 on Research.Current edition approved June 1, 2009. Published
13、 July 2009.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Dri
14、ve, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5.2 Displacement MeasurementMeasure displacementswith a linear potentiometer, linear variable displacement trans-former (LVDT), or dial gauge having a precision equal to orbetter than the lesser of 61 % of the expected maximumdisplacem
15、ent, or 60.02 in. (60.5 mm).5.3 Data AcquisitionRecord sufficient data to define theload-displacement curve with sufficient precision for the pur-poses of the test. Each set of data (load and displacement) isreferred to as a “loading point.”6. General Requirements for Loading6.1 Loading MethodLoad s
16、pecimens hydraulically usinga hand pump, electrical pump, or air-driven pump.6.2 Test ControlControl the load manually or automati-cally (servo-controlled feedback system).6.2.1 Manual ControlIf the load is controlled manually,displacements are imposed on the specimen. The loadingprotocol may be bas
17、ed on target loads or target displacements.It is generally convenient to use target loads until the load levelapproaches the expected capacity, and then use target displace-ments.6.2.2 Automatic ControlIf the load is controlled automati-cally, either load or displacement is imposed on the system.The
18、 loading protocol may be based on target loads or targetdisplacements. Use load control until the load level approachesthe expected capacity, and then use displacement control.6.3 Loading ProtocolUse a loading protocol that is ap-propriate for the purposes of the test. The simplest loadingprotocol i
19、s monotonic loading to failure. A more complexloading protocol is cycles of loading (possibly reversed) tomonotonically increasing maximum amplitudes. Other proto-cols shall be permitted to be used.NOTE 1A wide range of loading protocols for in-plane tests isprovided in Test Methods E 2126.7. Axial
20、Compression Test7.1 ApparatusUse a test setup incorporating the essentialaspects of Fig. 1. Design the test setup to resist at least twicethe maximum anticipated load. Design the test setup so itsstiffness parallel to the axis of the specimen is at least 103 theanticipated axial stiffness of the spe
21、cimen itself. The bottom ofthe specimen shall be simply supported (with a zero ornon-zero eccentricity) or restrained. The top of the specimenshall be simply supported (with a zero or non-zero eccentricity)or restrained. Apply the axial load at the top with a zero ornon-zero eccentricity. Apply the
22、load uniformly along the topof the specimen.7.2 Instrumentation:7.2.1 Axial LoadMeasure the applied axial load.7.2.2 Axial DeformationAttach a bracket to the specimennear the upper end, supporting a metal rod. Attach anotherbracket to the specimen near its lower end, supporting adisplacement gauge.
23、Other means of measuring the axialdeformation shall be acceptable, provided that they meet therequirements of 4.2.7.2.3 Out-of-plane DeflectionMeasure out-of-plane de-flection using either a reference line attached to the wall, or afixed reference.7.2.3.1 Out-of-plane Deflection Using a Reference Li
24、neMeasure out-of-plane deflection using a deflection gaugeoriented perpendicular to the plane of the wall, and placed atthe mid-height and plan mid-length of the wall. Alternatively,use two deflection gauges oriented perpendicular to the planeof the wall, and placed at the mid-height and plan ends o
25、f thewall. Attach one end of the deflection gauge or gauges to thewall, and the other end to a reference line between the top andbottom of the wall.7.2.3.2 Out-of-plane Deflection Using a Fixed ReferenceUse three deflection gauges, oriented perpendicular to theFIG. 1 Test Setup for Axial Compressive
26、 LoadingC1717092plane of the wall, one placed at mid-height, the other twoplaced at the top and the bottom, and all placed at the planmid-length of the wall.Attach one end of each deflection gaugeto the wall, and attach the other end to a fixed reference.7.3 Data RecordingReport the bottom support c
27、onditionsand eccentricity.At each loading point, record the applied load,axial deformation of each axial deformation gauge and theaverage of these deformations, and the out-of-plane deflection.8. Transverse Quarter-Point LoadingSpecimenHorizontal8.1 ApparatusThe apparatus shall incorporate the essen
28、-tial aspects of Fig. 2(a), and be able to withstand at least twicethe anticipated maximum load, with a maximum deformationnot more than 1 % of the expected deformation of the speci-men.8.1.1 Roller SupportsProvide steel roller supports withsteel bearing plates between the roller supports and thespe
29、cimen. Use compressible shims or a bed of gypsum cappingmaterial to ensure uniform application of the support reaction.8.1.2 Loading AssemblyThe loading assembly shall con-sist of two steel rollers with a steel plate between each loadingroller and the specimen. Use full-length, compressible shims or
30、a bed of gypsum capping material to ensure uniform applica-tion of load.8.1.3 Hydraulic Ram.8.1.4 Load-measurement Devices.8.1.5 Deflection GaugesPlace a reference frame on theupper face of the specimen. To prevent stresses from deformingthe frame as the specimen deforms under load, support thisfram
31、e on three hardened steel balls, each supported by a steelblock on the face of the specimen. Place two of the balls in aline vertically above one support, and the third ball verticallyabove the other support. Attach two deflection gauges to theframe at midspan, one near each longitudinal edge of the
32、specimen. Other means of measuring the difference betweenthe support and midspan deflections shall be acceptable,provided that they meet the requirements of 5.2.8.2 Procedure:8.2.1 LoadingApply the load to the designated face of thespecimen.8.2.1.1 Quarter-point LoadingTest the specimen as asimply s
33、upported beam (Fig. 2(a) on a span approximately 6in. (150 mm) less than the specimen length. Apply two equalloads, each at a distance of one quarter of the span from thesupports, toward the middle of the span. Measure the loadsusing a single load cell between the hydraulic ram and theloading beam,
34、or using two load cells, one at each end of theloading beam. The reported load on the specimen shall includethe weight of specimen between the supports.8.2.1.2 Uniformly Distributed LoadingUniformly distrib-uted loading shall be permitted to be used instead of quarter-point loading, if a satisfactor
35、y method is available. Transverseload, uniformly distributed, may be applied by air pressure,either in a bag or in a chamber having the specimen as oneface. Support specimens tested under uniform loading byrollers as for quarter-point loading.FIG. 2 Test Setup for Transverse Quarter-point LoadingC17
36、170938.2.2 Strength on Short SpanIf the strength of the con-struction for a shorter span is desired, do not compute it, buttest the construction on the short span.8.3 Data RecordingAt each loading point, record theapplied load and the reading of each deflection gauge. Com-pute the deflection of the
37、midspan of the specimen as theaverage of the two deflection gauges.9. Transverse Quarter-Point LoadingSpecimen Vertical9.1 ApparatusThe apparatus shall incorporate the essen-tial features of Fig. 2(b), and be able to withstand at least twicethe anticipated maximum load, with a maximum deformationnot
38、 more than 1% of the expected deformation of the specimen.9.1.1 Steel Channel.9.1.2 Roller SupportsProvide steel roller supports withsteel bearing plates between the roller supports and thespecimen. Use full-length, compressible shims or a bed ofgypsum capping material to ensure uniform application
39、of thesupport reaction.9.1.3 Loading AssemblyThe loading assembly shall con-sist of two steel rollers with a steel plate between each loadingroller and the specimen. Use full-length, compressible shims ora bed of gypsum capping material to ensure uniform applica-tion of load.9.1.4 Hydraulic Ram.9.1.
40、5 Load-measurement Devices.9.1.6 Out-of-plane Deflection GaugesTwo sets of deflec-tion gauges. Other means of measuring the difference betweenthe support and midspan deflections shall be acceptable,provided that they meet the requirements of 4.2.9.2 ProcedureThe specimen, on a steel channel, shall b
41、esupported laterally by cylindrical rollers to prevent end re-straint. The axes of the rollers shall be parallel to the faces ofthe specimen. The two supporting rollers shall be in contactwith the vertical surface of the frame and each roller shall resthorizontally on neoprene pads about 0.4-in. (10
42、-mm ) thick toprevent longitudinal restraint. Each of the two loading rollersshall also rest on neoprene pads. Apply the loads horizontallyby a hydraulic ram and measure using a load cell between thehydraulic ram and the specimen, or using two load cells, onebetween the specimen and each end of the
43、loading beam.Attach two sets of out-of-plane deflection gauges to thespecimen, one set at the mid-height of each vertical edge.9.2.1 Apply the transverse load to the designated face of thespecimen.9.2.1.1 Quarter-point LoadingTest the specimen as asimply supported beam (Fig. 2(b) on a span approxima
44、tely 6in. (150 mm) less than the specimen length. Apply two equalloads, each at a distance of one quarter of the span from thesupports, toward the middle of the span.9.2.1.2 Uniformly Distributed LoadingUniformly distrib-uted loading shall be permitted to be used instead of quarter-point loading, if
45、 a satisfactory method is available. Transverseload, uniformly distributed, may be applied by air pressure,either in a bag or in a chamber having the specimen as oneface. Support specimens tested under uniform loading byrollers as for quarter-point loading.9.2.2 Connect a reaction platform parallel
46、to the face to beloaded and wider than the specimen to the supports by tie rods.Place an airtight bag as wide as the specimen and as long as thespan between the specimen and the reaction platform. Applytransverse load to the specimen by increasing the air pressurein the bag. Measure the pressure by
47、means of a manometer orother pressure-measuring device. The error of the pressurereading shall not exceed 1 %.9.3 Data RecordingAt each loading point, record theapplied load and the reading of each deflection gauge. Com-pute the deflection of the midspan of the specimen as theaverage of the two defl
48、ection gauges.10. Concentrated Load10.1 ApparatusThe apparatus shall incorporate the essen-tial features of Fig. 3.10.1.1 Steel BarSteel bar having a diameter of 1 in. (25.4mm) and the edge of the face contacting the specimen roundedto a radius of 0.05 in. (1.3 mm).10.1.2 Depth GaugeThe depth gauge
49、shall consist of adisplacement gauge mounted on a three-legged support.10.1.3 Three-legged SupportThe support shall be notchedto permit placing the gauge directly adjacent to the bar, andshall be long enough to permit placing the supporting legs onundisturbed areas of the face of the specimen. The support shalldeform not more than 1 % of the expected depth of indentationunder the force exerted by the depth gauge.10.1.4 Hydraulic Ram.10.1.5 Load-measurement Devices.10.2 Procedure:10.2.1 LoadingPlace the entire specimen or portion of the
