1、Designation: C1717 10Standard Test Methods forConducting Strength Tests of Masonry Wall Panels1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1717; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A
2、number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONEngineered design of masonry structures requires accurate technical data on the strength andload-deflection behavior of masonry wall el
3、ements. These test methods provide a systematic basis forobtaining such data.1. Scope*1.1 These test methods cover methods for determining thestrength and load-deflection characteristics of masonry wallelements.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given
4、 in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish ap
5、pro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E2126 Test Methods for Cyclic (Reversed) Load Test forShear Resistance of Vertical Elements of the Lateral ForceResisting Systems for Buildings3.
6、Significance and Use3.1 The test methods described in this standard are intendedfor use as a starting point in developing specific testingprotocols for masonry elements.3.1.1 The testing protocols could be used for general re-search on the load-deflection behavior of masonry elements.3.1.2 The testi
7、ng protocols could be used for qualification ofmasonry elements and materials by evaluation services andother parties.3.1.3 The test methods described in this standard are gen-eral, and are intended to be adaptable to address a wide rangeof anticipated support and loading conditions.3.2 How the test
8、 results are interpreted will depend on theintended use of the masonry element being tested.4. Test Specimens4.1 General DescriptionThe specimens shall have mate-rials and workmanship representative of the structural elementsthey are intended to represent, and be large enough to be usefulin predicti
9、ng the structural performance of those elements.4.2 Length or HeightThe specimen shall be long enough(for horizontal testing) or tall enough (for vertical testing) sothat its behavior under load will simulate that of the elementthat the specimen is intended to represent.4.3 WidthThe specimen shall b
10、e wide enough so that itsbehavior under load will simulate that of the element thespecimen is intended to represent.4.4 Laboratory EnvironmentMaintain the air in the labo-ratory at a temperature of 75 6 15F (24 6 8C) and a relativehumidity of 55 6 25 %.4.5 Preconditioning of Masonry MaterialsPrecond
11、itionmaterials by storing in the laboratory environment for at least5 days before use.4.6 AgeTest masonry construction at an age of at least 28days after fabrication, unless specified otherwise.5. General Requirements for Instrumentation5.1 Load MeasurementMeasure loads with a load cell orpressure t
12、ransducer having a precision better than or equal to1 % of the expected maximum load.5.2 Displacement MeasurementMeasure displacementswith a linear potentiometer, linear variable displacement trans-former (LVDT), or dial gauge having a precision equal to orbetter than the lesser of 61 % of the expec
13、ted maximumdisplacement, or 60.02 in. (60.5 mm).1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 onManufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC15.04 on Research.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2010. Published December 2010. Originallyapproved in 2
14、009. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as C1717 09. DOI:10.1520/C1717-10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on
15、the ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5.3 Data AcquisitionRecord sufficient data to define theload-displacement curve with sufficient precis
16、ion for the pur-poses of the test. Each set of data (load and displacement) isreferred to as a “loading point.”6. General Requirements for Loading6.1 Loading MethodLoad specimens hydraulically usinga hand pump, electrical pump, or air-driven pump.6.2 Test ControlControl the load manually or automati
17、-cally (servo-controlled feedback system).6.2.1 Manual ControlIf the load is controlled manually,displacements are imposed on the specimen. The loadingprotocol may be based on target loads or target displacements.It is generally convenient to use target loads until the load levelapproaches the expec
18、ted capacity, and then use target displace-ments.6.2.2 Automatic ControlIf the load is controlled automati-cally, either load or displacement is imposed on the system.The loading protocol may be based on target loads or targetdisplacements. Use load control until the load level approachesthe expecte
19、d capacity, and then use displacement control.6.3 Loading ProtocolUse a loading protocol that is ap-propriate for the purposes of the test. The simplest loadingprotocol is monotonic loading to failure. A more complexloading protocol is cycles of loading (possibly reversed) tomonotonically increasing
20、 maximum amplitudes. Other proto-cols shall be permitted to be used.NOTE 1A wide range of loading protocols for in-plane tests isprovided in Test Methods E2126.7. Axial Compression Test7.1 ApparatusUse a test setup incorporating the essentialaspects of Fig. 1. Design the test setup to resist at leas
21、t twicethe maximum anticipated load. Design the test setup so itsstiffness parallel to the axis of the specimen is at least 103 theanticipated axial stiffness of the specimen itself. The bottom ofthe specimen shall be simply supported (with a zero ornon-zero eccentricity) or restrained. The top of t
22、he specimenshall be simply supported (with a zero or non-zero eccentricity)or restrained. Apply the axial load at the top with a zero ornon-zero eccentricity. Apply the load uniformly along the topof the specimen.7.2 Instrumentation:7.2.1 Axial LoadMeasure the applied axial load.7.2.2 Axial Deformat
23、ionAttach a bracket to the specimennear the upper end, supporting a metal rod. Attach anotherbracket to the specimen near its lower end, supporting adisplacement gauge. Other means of measuring the axialdeformation shall be acceptable, provided that they meet therequirements of 4.2.7.2.3 Out-of-plan
24、e DeflectionMeasure out-of-plane de-flection using either a reference line attached to the wall, or afixed reference.7.2.3.1 Out-of-plane Deflection Using a Reference LineMeasure out-of-plane deflection using a deflection gaugeoriented perpendicular to the plane of the wall, and placed atthe mid-hei
25、ght and plan mid-length of the wall. Alternatively,use two deflection gauges oriented perpendicular to the planeof the wall, and placed at the mid-height and plan ends of thewall. Attach one end of the deflection gauge or gauges to thewall, and the other end to a reference line between the top andbo
26、ttom of the wall.7.2.3.2 Out-of-plane Deflection Using a Fixed ReferenceUse three deflection gauges, oriented perpendicular to theplane of the wall, one placed at mid-height, the other twoplaced at the top and the bottom, and all placed at the planmid-length of the wall.Attach one end of each deflec
27、tion gaugeto the wall, and attach the other end to a fixed reference.7.3 Data RecordingReport the bottom support conditionsand eccentricity.At each loading point, record the applied load,axial deformation of each axial deformation gauge and theaverage of these deformations, and the out-of-plane defl
28、ection.FIG. 1 Test Setup for Axial Compressive LoadingC1717 1028. Transverse Quarter-Point LoadingSpecimenHorizontal8.1 ApparatusThe apparatus shall incorporate the essen-tial aspects of Fig. 2, and be able to withstand at least twice theanticipated maximum load, with a maximum deformation notmore t
29、han 1 % of the expected deformation of the specimen.8.1.1 Roller SupportsProvide steel roller supports withsteel bearing plates between the roller supports and thespecimen. Use compressible shims or a bed of gypsum cappingmaterial to ensure uniform application of the support reaction.8.1.2 Loading A
30、ssemblyThe loading assembly shall con-sist of two steel rollers with a steel plate between each loadingroller and the specimen. Use full-length, compressible shims ora bed of gypsum capping material to ensure uniform applica-tion of load.8.1.3 Hydraulic Ram.8.1.4 Load-measurement Devices.8.1.5 Defle
31、ction GaugesPlace a reference frame on theupper face of the specimen. To prevent stresses from deformingthe frame as the specimen deforms under load, support thisframe on three hardened steel balls, each supported by a steelblock on the face of the specimen. Place two of the balls in aline verticall
32、y above one support, and the third ball verticallyabove the other support. Attach two deflection gauges to theframe at midspan, one near each longitudinal edge of thespecimen. Other means of measuring the difference betweenthe support and midspan deflections shall be acceptable,provided that they me
33、et the requirements of 5.2.8.2 Procedure:8.2.1 LoadingApply the load to the designated face of thespecimen.8.2.1.1 Quarter-point LoadingTest the specimen as asimply supported beam (Fig. 2) on a span approximately 6 in.(150 mm) less than the specimen length. Apply two equalloads, each at a distance o
34、f one quarter of the span from thesupports, toward the middle of the span. Measure the loadsusing a single load cell between the hydraulic ram and theloading beam, or using two load cells, one at each end of theloading beam. The reported load on the specimen shall includethe weight of specimen betwe
35、en the supports.8.2.1.2 Uniformly Distributed LoadingUniformly distrib-uted loading shall be permitted to be used instead of quarter-point loading, if a satisfactory method is available. Transverseload, uniformly distributed, may be applied by air pressure,either in a bag or in a chamber having the
36、specimen as oneface. Support specimens tested under uniform loading byrollers as for quarter-point loading.8.2.2 Strength on Short SpanIf the strength of the con-struction for a shorter span is desired, do not compute it, buttest the construction on the short span.8.3 Data RecordingAt each loading p
37、oint, record theapplied load and the reading of each deflection gauge. Com-pute the deflection of the midspan of the specimen as theaverage of the two deflection gauges.9. Transverse Quarter-Point LoadingSpecimen Vertical9.1 ApparatusThe apparatus shall incorporate the essen-tial features of Fig. 3)
38、, and be able to withstand at least twicethe anticipated maximum load, with a maximum deformationnot more than 1% of the expected deformation of the specimen.9.1.1 Steel Channel.9.1.2 Roller SupportsProvide steel roller supports withsteel bearing plates between the roller supports and thespecimen. U
39、se full-length, compressible shims or a bed ofgypsum capping material to ensure uniform application of thesupport reaction.9.1.3 Loading AssemblyThe loading assembly shall con-sist of two steel rollers with a steel plate between each loadingroller and the specimen. Use full-length, compressible shim
40、s ora bed of gypsum capping material to ensure uniform applica-tion of load.9.1.4 Hydraulic Ram.FIG. 2 Test Setup for Transverse Quarter-point Loading (Specimen Horizontal)C1717 1039.1.5 Load-measurement Devices.9.1.6 Out-of-plane Deflection GaugesTwo sets of deflec-tion gauges. Other means of measu
41、ring the difference betweenthe support and midspan deflections shall be acceptable,provided that they meet the requirements of 4.2.9.2 ProcedureThe specimen, on a steel channel, shall besupported laterally by cylindrical rollers to prevent end re-straint. The axes of the rollers shall be parallel to
42、 the faces ofthe specimen. The two supporting rollers shall be in contactwith the vertical surface of the frame and each roller shall resthorizontally on neoprene pads about 0.4-in. (10-mm ) thick toprevent longitudinal restraint. Each of the two loading rollersshall also rest on neoprene pads. Appl
43、y the loads horizontallyby a hydraulic ram and measure using a load cell between thehydraulic ram and the specimen, or using two load cells, onebetween the specimen and each end of the loading beam.Attach two sets of out-of-plane deflection gauges to thespecimen, one set at the mid-height of each ve
44、rtical edge.9.2.1 Apply the transverse load to the designated face of thespecimen.9.2.1.1 Quarter-point LoadingTest the specimen as asimply supported beam (Fig. 3) on a span approximately 6 in.(150 mm) less than the specimen length. Apply two equalloads, each at a distance of one quarter of the span
45、 from thesupports, toward the middle of the span.9.2.1.2 Uniformly Distributed LoadingUniformly distrib-uted loading shall be permitted to be used instead of quarter-point loading, if a satisfactory method is available. Transverseload, uniformly distributed, may be applied by air pressure,either in
46、a bag or in a chamber having the specimen as oneface. Support specimens tested under uniform loading byrollers as for quarter-point loading.9.2.2 Connect a reaction platform parallel to the face to beloaded and wider than the specimen to the supports by tie rods.Place an airtight bag as wide as the
47、specimen and as long as thespan between the specimen and the reaction platform. Applytransverse load to the specimen by increasing the air pressurein the bag. Measure the pressure by means of a manometer orother pressure-measuring device. The error of the pressurereading shall not exceed 1 %.9.3 Dat
48、a RecordingAt each loading point, record theapplied load and the reading of each deflection gauge. Com-pute the deflection of the midspan of the specimen as theaverage of the two deflection gauges.10. Concentrated Load10.1 ApparatusThe apparatus shall incorporate the essen-tial features of Fig. 4.10
49、.1.1 Steel BarSteel bar having a diameter of 1 in. (25.4mm) and the edge of the face contacting the specimen roundedto a radius of 0.05 in. (1.3 mm).10.1.2 Depth GaugeThe depth gauge shall consist of adisplacement gauge mounted on a three-legged support.10.1.3 Three-legged SupportThe support shall be notchedto permit placing the gauge directly adjacent to the bar, andshall be long enough to permit placing the supporting legs onundisturbed areas of the face of the specimen. The support shalldeform not more than 1 % of the expected dept
