1、Designation: C 1721 09Standard Guide forPetrographic Examination of Dimension Stone1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1721; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in
2、parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide outlines procedures for the petrographicexamination of stone specimen material proposed for use asdimension stone used in construction
3、.1.2 This guide outlines the extent to which petrographictechniques should be used, the selection of petrographic relatedproperties that should be looked for, and the manner in whichsuch techniques may be employed in the examination ofdimension stone.1.3 The rock and mineral names given in Terminolo
4、gyC119should be used, insofar as they are appropriate, in reportsprepared in accordance with this guide.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are provided forinformation purposes only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of
5、thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C97 Test Methods for Abso
6、rption and Bulk Specific Grav-ity of Dimension StoneC99 Test Method for Modulus of Rupture of DimensionStoneC119 Terminology Relating to Dimension StoneC 120 Test Methods of Flexure Testing of Slate (BreakingLoad, Modulus of Rupture, Modulus of Elasticity)C 121 Test Method for Water Absorption of Sl
7、ateC 170 Test Method for Compressive Strength of DimensionStoneC 217 Test Method for Weather Resistance of SlateC 241 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Stone Sub-jected to Foot TrafficC 406 Specification for Roofing SlateC 503 Specification for Marble Dimension StoneC 568 Specification for Lime
8、stone Dimension StoneC 615 Specification for Granite Dimension StoneC 616 Specification for Quartz-Based Dimension StoneC 629 Specification for Slate Dimension StoneC 880 Test Method for Flexural Strength of DimensionStoneC 1353 Test Method Using the Taber Abraser for AbrasionResistance of Dimension
9、 Stone Subjected to Foot TrafficC 1526 Specification for Serpentine Dimension StoneC 1527 Specification for Travertine Dimension StoneC 1528 Guide for Selection of Dimension Stone for Exte-rior UseE 883 Guide for ReflectedLight Photomicrography3. Summary of Guide3.1 The specific procedures employed
10、in the petrographicexamination of any specimen will depend to a large extent onthe purpose of the examination and the nature of the specimen.In most cases the examination will require the use of opticalmicroscopy. Complete petrographic examinations for particu-lar purposes and to investigate particu
11、lar problems may requireexamination of selected constituents by means of additionalprocedures, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis forcrystalline structure, differential thermal analysis (DTA) forchemically and physically unstable minerals, infrared spectros-copy, scanning electron microscopy (
12、SEM) energy dispersiveX-ray analysis (EDX), or other procedures. Although theseprocedures are beyond the scope of this standard, theseadditional procedures may be more definitive than visualmicroscopic methods.3.2 Identification of the minerals, composition, fabric, andstructure of a specimen is a n
13、ecessary step towards recognitionof the properties that may be expected to influence the behaviorof the material in its intended use, but identification is not anend in itself. The value of any petrographic examination willdepend to a large extent on the representativeness of thespecimens examined,
14、the completeness and accuracy of theinformation provided to the petrographer concerning the source1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C18 on DimensionStone and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C18.01 on Test Methods.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2009. Published Sep
15、tember 2009.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Dr
16、ive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.and proposed use of the material, and the petrographers abilityto correlate these data with the findings of the examination.3.3 This guide does not attempt to describe the techniquesof petrographic work since it is assumed that the gu
17、ide will beused by persons who are qualified by education and experienceto employ such techniques for the recognition of the charac-teristic properties of rocks and minerals and to describe andclassify the constituents of a specimen. For some cases, thepetrographer will have had experience adequate
18、to providedetailed interpretation of the petrographic results. For manycases the interpretation will be made, in part, by engineers,familiar with the intended use of the dimension stone. In othercases, interpretation of the findings may require input of others,such as a chemist, qualified to relate
19、the observations to thequestions to be answered.3.4 The petrographer should be familiar with the ASTMstandards referenced in 2.1.4. Significance and Use4.1 Petrographic examinations are made for the followingpurposes:4.1.1 Determine the physical and chemical characteristics(mineralogy, texture, and
20、composition) of the stone specimenthat may be observed by petrographic methods and that have abearing on the performance of the material in its intended use.4.1.2 Describe and classify the minerals of the specimen.4.1.3 Classify the stone both commercially and geologicallybased on Terminology C119,
21、recognizing the differences innomenclature; and based on the following standards, as appro-priate:Specification C 406Specification C 503Specification C 568Specification C 615Specification C 616Specification C 629Specification C 1526Specification C 15274.1.4 Determine the relative amounts of the mine
22、rals of thespecimen and constituents that have a bearing on the perfor-mance of the material in its intended use.4.1.5 Compare characteristics of the stone with specimensfrom one or more sources, for which test data or performancerecords are available.4.2 The petrographer should be told in as much d
23、etail asnecessary, the purposes and objectives of the examination, thekind of information needed, and the extent of examinationdesired.4.2.1 Pertinent background information, including results ofprior testing, such as physical and mechanical testing, shouldbe made available. The petrographers advice
24、 and judgmentshould be sought regarding the extent of the examination.Available physical and mechanical testing may include thefollowing:Test Methods C97Test Method C99Test Method C 170Test Method C 880Test Methods C 120Test Method C 121Test Method C 241Test Method C 1353Test Method C 2174.3 This gu
25、ide may form the basis for establishing arrange-ments between a purchaser of consulting petrographic serviceand the petrographer. In such a case, the purchaser and theconsultant should together determine the kind, extent, andobjectives of the examination and analyses to be made, andshould record the
26、ir agreement in writing. The agreement maystipulate specific determinations to be made, observations to bereported, funds to be obligated, or a combination of these orother conditions.4.4 Petrographic examinations provide identification of typeand varieties of minerals and structures present in the
27、speci-men. However, as noted above, identification of all mineralsand structures present in the specimen is not required.4.5 The petrographic examination should establish whetherthe specimen contains chemically unstable minerals or volu-metrically unstable materials.4.6 Petrographic examination shou
28、ld identify weathered orotherwise altered constituents or minerals and describe theextent of that weathering or alteration. Where possible, de-scribe potential aesthetic changes that may occur as a result ofweathering.NOTE 1If the dimension stone will be exposed to freezing andthawing and may become
29、 wet or saturated in use, finely porous and highlyweathered or otherwise altered minerals should be identified because thesematerials will be especially susceptible to damage by freezing andthawing.4.7 Petrographic examination should identify constituentsor minerals and the extent to which they may
30、lead to stainingand color change of the surface of the stone when the stone isexposed to the weather for exterior use.4.8 Petrographic examination should identify and estimateproportions of constituents that may be susceptible to deterio-ration from attack by deicing agents where proposed for use at
31、grade level in freezing environments where deicing salts areanticipated to be used.4.9 Criteria are available for identifying minerals by theiroptical properties or by XRD. Criteria are available foridentifying rocks by their mineral composition and texture.Examination in both reflected and transmit
32、ted light may benecessary to provide data for these identifications. X-raymicroanalysis using energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometerswith scanning electron microscopy (SEM/EDX) orwavelength-dispersive X-ray spectrometers in electron micro-probes (EMPA/WDX) may provide useful information on thechemical
33、 composition of minerals and rocks.4.10 The objectives for which this guide was prepared, willhave been attained if those involved with the evaluation of thespecimen have reasonable assurance that the petrographicexamination results, wherever and whenever obtained, mayconfidently be compared.5. Samp
34、ling5.1 Stone specimens for petrographic examination are bestobtained under guidance of a geologist familiar with theC1721092requirements of this standard. Information on the exact loca-tion from which the specimen was taken and other pertinentdata should be recorded or submitted with the specimen.
35、Theamount of material actually studied in the petrographic exami-nation will be determined by the nature of the examination tobe made and the nature of the material to be examined, asdiscussed below. It is preferable that the specimens be selectedand prepared by the person performing the petrographi
36、cexamination.5.2 Specimen(s) provided for examination with unknownorigin:5.2.1 Often. specimens are submitted for petrographicanalysis without information as to origin. In this case, reportthat the origin of the specimen is unknown or attempt to obtaininformation from the submitter as to country, qu
37、arry of origin,and geologic formation.5.3 Specimen(s) selected from materials submitted for pet-rographic analysis as well as for physical and mechanicaltesting:5.3.1 It is desirable to examine specimens that have beenpreviously tested for physical and mechanical properties, forcomparison with non-t
38、ested specimens. Petrographic analysiscan sometimes explain anomalous physical and mechanicalresults as well as features that may be of concern, based solelyon visual examination.5.4 Specimen(s) selected from operating quarry for petro-graphic analysis.5.4.1 Investigate vertical and lateral variatio
39、ns in the com-position, texture, and microstructure of the material comprisingthe formation.5.4.2 Examine specimen stone material produced that isrepresentative of material to be used.5.4.3 Identify visible features and characteristics and theirvariations to aid purchaser in selecting stone for use.
40、5.4.4 Provide description or sketch of quarry and proposedextraction location(s), and locations from which specimens forpetrographic study were taken.6. Procedure6.1 Selection of Specimens for Direct Petrographic Exami-nation:6.2 Record:6.2.1 Notes should be taken during the examination. Eachspecime
41、n should be described; the relevant features mayinclude the following: shape and dimensions of specimen,6.2.2 Specimen surface textures and finishes,6.2.3 Crystal or grain size, or both,6.2.4 Internal structure, including observations of preferredorientation, segregation of grains or crystals, pore
42、space,packing of grains, cementation of grains,6.2.5 Color,6.2.6 Rock name and minerals composition,6.2.7 Significant heterogeneities in appearance,6.2.8 General physical condition of the specimen (for ex-ample, freshness, weathering, alteration),6.2.9 Presence of discontinuities (for example, rock
43、cleav-age, foliation, bedding, layering, fissures, fractures, vugs,stylolites, and fossils), and6.2.10 Presence of constituents known to be chemically orphysically unstable.7. Report7.1 State purpose of the examination.7.2 Summarize the essential data needed to identify thespecimen as to source and
44、proposed use, and include adescription giving the essential data on characteristics, compo-sition, and properties of the material as revealed by theexamination.7.3 List the test procedures employed, and give a descrip-tion of the nature and features of each important constituent ofthe specimen, acco
45、mpanied by such tables and photographs asmay be required.7.4 Describe petrographic features, mineralogy, and struc-tures observed that may have an effect on the physical,mechanical, and aesthetic performance of the material whenused as dimension stone.7.5 Express the findings and conclusions in term
46、s likely tobe intelligible to those who must make decisions as to thesuitability of a material for use as dimension stone. Reportobservations made on features described in Section 6.7.6 Describe qualitatively and, to the extent practicable,quantitatively, those properties or constituents that are kn
47、ownto have specific unfavorable effects. The unfavorable effectsthat may be expected to ensue should be mentioned.NOTE 2When appropriate, it should be stated that a given specimenwas not found to contain any unfavorable features. When such is the caseit may also be appropriate, especially if the rep
48、ort of the petrographicexamination is not accompanied by reports of results of physical,mechanical, and chemical tests for which numerical limits may beapplicable, to add that the material examined is considered to beacceptable for use provided the applicable acceptance tests are made andthe results
49、 are within the appropriate limits. The report should not,however, contain conclusions other than those based upon the finding ofthe examination unless the additional data to support such conclusions areincluded in or with the petrographic report and the petrographer has beenauthorized to analyze the other relevant non-petrographic data.7.7 Describe properties and characteristics including thosewhich are likely to be significant relative to the intended use ofthe dimension stone including anticipated environmental ex-posure. These may include:7.7.1 Descriptions of the shape and si
