1、Designation: C1747/C1747M 11Standard Test Method forDetermining Potential Resistance to Degradation ofPervious Concrete by Impact and Abrasion1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1747/C1747M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or,
2、 in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers determining the potential resis-tance to degradation of
3、pervious concrete by measuring themass loss of specimens subjected to combined action of impactand abrasion in a rotating steel drum.1.2 UnitsThe values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Thevalues stated in each system may not be exact equivalen
4、ts;therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.Combining values from the two systems may result in noncon-formance with the standard.1.3 The text of this test method references notes andfootnotes that provide explanatory information. These notesand footnotes (excluding those in t
5、ables) shall not be consid-ered as requirements of this test method.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the a
6、pplica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. (WarningFreshhydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may causechemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged use.2)2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Ag-gregatesC131 Test Method
7、 for Resistance to Degradation of Small-Size Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact in the LosAngeles MachineC136 Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and CoarseAggregatesC172 Practice for Sampling Freshly Mixed ConcreteC192/C192M Practice for Making and Curing ConcreteTest Specimens in the Labor
8、atoryC470/C470M Specification for Molds for Forming Con-crete Test Cylinders VerticallyC670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statementsfor Test Methods for Construction MaterialsC1688/C1688M Test Method for Density and Void Contentof Freshly Mixed Pervious ConcreteD6926 Practice for Prepara
9、tion of Bituminous SpecimensUsing Marshall ApparatusE11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and TestSieves3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, referto Terminology C125.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 design density,
10、 nthe mass of a unit volume ofpervious concrete based on the theoretical mixture proportionsand void content and where the unit volume includes thevolume of the solids and the voids.3.2.2 raveling, nthe wearing away of a pavement surfacedue to dislodgement of aggregate particles.4. Summary of Test M
11、ethod4.1 This test method consists of casting cylindrical speci-mens of pervious concrete at the design density, then subject-ing the cured specimens to a combination of actions includingimpact, abrasion or attrition, and grinding in a rotating steeldrum. The potential resistance to degradation by i
12、mpact andabrasion is expressed as the percentage mass loss after 500revolutions of the steel drum. Higher potential resistance todegradation by impact and abrasion is associated with lowermass loss.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method provides a procedure for evaluating thepotential resistanc
13、e to degradation by impact and abrasion ofpervious concrete mixtures. A common failure mode of pervi-ous concrete pavements is raveling. This test allows thecomparison of the relative potential resistance to raveling of1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 onConcrete and
14、Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC09.49 on Pervious Concrete.Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2011. Published February 2012. DOI:10.1520/C1747_C1747M-11.2See Section on Safety Precautions, Manual of Aggregate and Concrete Testing,Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol
15、. 04.02.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive,
16、 PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.pervious concrete mixtures of varying proportions and rawmaterials. In addition, in the field, raveling is caused byimproper paste consistency, workability loss, inadequate com-paction, and improper curingthis test method does notaddress
17、any of these causes. There is no known correlationbetween this test method and the field performance of perviousconcrete.5.1.1 This information may be used to compare proposedmixture proportions, yet to be placed, but is not intended to beused for mixture qualification or jobsite acceptance testing.
18、5.1.2 This test method is applicable to pervious concretemixtures containing coarse aggregate with a nominal maxi-mum size of 25 mm 1 in. or smaller.5.1.3 This test method is only applicable to cylindricalspecimens cast as described herein. The precision and biashave not been evaluated for drilled c
19、ores.6. Apparatus6.1 BalanceA balance or scale accurate to 1 g 0.002 lbat any point and capable of weighing up to 2.5 kg 5 lb.6.2 Marshall HammerA device used to compact thepervious concrete specimen that shall conform to the require-ments for a manual compaction hammer in Practice D6926.6.3 Cylinde
20、r MoldsMolds for casting concrete test speci-mens shall be plastic and conform to the requirements ofSpecification C470/C470M. Cylinder molds shall be 100 mm4 in. in diameter and 200 mm 8 in. tall.6.4 Measuring DeviceA ruler, metal roll-up measuringtape, or similar rigid or semi-rigid length-measuri
21、ng instrumentmarked in increments of 1 mm 116 in. or smaller. Theinstrument length shall be at least 300 mm 12 in.6.5 Los Angeles MachineA Los Angeles machine, con-forming to Section 6 of Test Method C131.6.6 SievesThe sieve cloth and standard sieve frames shallconform to the requirements of Specifi
22、cation E11. Nonstandardsieve frames shall conform to the requirements of SpecificationE11 as applicable.6.7 Hand ToolsScoop or spoon of a size large enough soeach amount of pervious concrete obtained from the samplingreceptacle is representative and small enough so that theconcrete is not spilled du
23、ring placement in the cylinder mold.7. Sample7.1 For concrete delivered in a transportation unit, obtainthe sample of freshly-mixed pervious concrete in accordancewith Practice C172 (See Note 1).7.1.1 Start molding the specimens within 5 min after ob-taining the final portion of the composite sample
24、.NOTE 1This option is applicable when trial batches are conducted ina ready mixed concrete truck.7.2 For laboratory testing, obtain the sample of freshlymixed pervious concrete in accordance with Practice C192/C192M.7.2.1 Start molding the specimens within 5 min after ob-taining the sample.7.3 Densi
25、tyDetermine and record the density of the freshpervious concrete in accordance with Test Method C1688/C1688M.8. Test Sample Preparation8.1 Place of MoldingMold specimens promptly on alevel, rigid surface, free of vibration and other disturbances, ata place as near as practicable to the location wher
26、e they are tobe stored.8.2 Specimen PreparationCalculate to the nearest 1 g0.001 lb the mass of pervious concrete required to fill themold to a height of 100 mm 4 in. at the design density (SeeNote 2). Place the balance on a flat, level surface free fromvibration. Place the cylinder mold on the bala
27、nce and tare themass of the empty mold. Place fresh concrete in the mold in asfew scoops as practicable.Adjust concrete mass to within 6 5g6 0.01 lb of the calculated fresh mass using a scoop or spoon.Move the cylinders to the place of molding. Drop the moldfrom a height of 25 6 12 mm 1 6 0.5 in. te
28、n times onto thelevel, rigid surface. Use the Marshall hammer to consolidatethe first specimen to a specified height of 100 6 2mm46116in. For a stiff mixture, drop the hammer mass from the fullheight for each blow while holding the axis of the compactionhammer as nearly perpendicular as possible to
29、the base of thecylinder mold. For a highly workable mixture, use one-half toone-third of the full drop height as is applicable. Use themeasuring device to determine the height of the compactedspecimen after each blow. Provide additional hammer blows asneeded to achieve the specified height. If a spe
30、cimen isover-compacted, discard the concrete and mold a new speci-men. If full blows are used, record the number of Marshallhammer blows necessary to compact the first specimen to thespecified height and use that number of blows for the remain-ing specimens in the set. If less than full blows are us
31、ed, eachspecimen must be checked with the measuring device to ensurethe specified height is attained. Upon completion of molding,place tight fitting caps or bags on the open end of the cylindermolds to prevent moisture loss during curing. Three specimensshall be prepared to provide a single test res
32、ult. Specimensshall be allowed to set in an upright position.NOTE 2The volume of a 100 by 100 mm 4 by 4 in. specimen is0.0007854 m30.001077 yd3 so, by multiplying the sum of the batchweights for a cubic meter yard of the theoretical mixture proportions bythis number, the operator can calculate the m
33、ass of fresh concrete requiredfor each specimen.8.3 StorageIf specimens cannot be molded at the placewhere they will receive initial curing, immediately aftercompaction move the specimens to an initial curing place forstorage. The supporting surface on which specimens are storedshall be level to wit
34、hin 20 mm per m 14 in. per ft.8.4 Initial CuringImmediately after molding, the speci-mens shall be stored for a period up to 48 h in a temperaturerange from 16 and 27 C 60 and 80 F and in an environmentpreventing moisture loss from the specimens. Shield all speci-mens from direct sunlight and, if us
35、ed, radiant heating devices.The storage temperature shall be controlled by use of heatingand cooling devices, as necessary. Record the air temperatureadjacent to the specimens using a maximum-minimum ther-mometer. Specimens shall not be transported until at least 24 hafter casting.8.5 Final CuringUp
36、on completing of initial curing, curespecimens at a temperature of 23 6 2 C 73.5 6 3.5 F forC1747/C1747M 1127.00 6 0.25 days measured from the time of molding. Finalcuring shall be completed without removing the cylindermolds, bags, or caps.8.6 IdentificationMark the specimens to positively iden-tif
37、y them and the concrete they represent. Do not mark theremovable caps or bags.9. Procedure9.1 Upon completion of curing, remove the molds, wipe thespecimens dry of any free moisture, and place the threespecimens used to provide a single test result on the balance.Record the mass of the three specime
38、ns as the original mass.9.2 Within 30 min after removing the molds, place the threespecimens in the Los Angeles machine so that no edges arechipped in the process. Do not charge the machine with steelspheres. Rotate the machine at 30 to 33 r/min for 500revolutions.9.3 After 500 revolutions, discharg
39、e the material from themachine and hand sieve the material on a 25-mm (1-in.) sieve.Rotate the particles, if necessary, in order to determine whetherthey will pass through the sieve opening; however, do not forceparticles to pass. Record the final mass as that material retainedon the 25-mm (1-in.) s
40、ieve.10. Calculation10.1 Calculate the mass loss as the difference between theoriginal mass of the three specimens and the final mass retainedon the sieve.10.2 Divide the mass loss by the original mass of the threecylinders and multiply by 100.10.3 Record the mass loss as a percentage of the origina
41、lmass to the nearest 1 %.11. Report11.1 Report the following information:11.1.1 Identification of the mixture,11.1.2 Number of blows necessary for compaction,11.1.3 Maximum and minimum temperature for initial cur-ing,11.1.4 Original mass and final mass of the three specimens,11.1.5 Mass loss of the
42、specimens expressed to the nearest1 % by mass, and11.1.6 The density and void content of the mixture, asproportioned and as measured by Test Method C1688/C1688M.12. Precision and Bias12.1 The precision of this test method is based on aninter-laboratory study, RR:C09-1041,4conducted in 2010.NOTE 3Rep
43、eatability testing was performed by seven laboratoriesusing pervious concrete mixtures proportioned using local materials. Eachlaboratory prepared three batches (designed at void contents of 18, 20, and22 % respectively) and performed three replicate tests per batch (a testincludes three individual
44、specimens). Five of the laboratories had 2different technicians performing the test. The percent mass loss rangedbetween 19 % and 95 %.12.1.1 The single-operator standard deviation of a singletest result (a test includes three individual specimens) has beenfound to be 1.4 %.12.1.2 The single-laborat
45、ory, multi-operator standard devia-tion of a single test result (a test includes three individualspecimens) has been found to be 1.3 %.12.2 At the time of the study, there was no acceptedreference material suitable for determining the bias for this testmethod, therefore no statement on bias is being
46、 made.13. Keywords13.1 abrasion; durability; impact; Marshall hammer; pervi-ous concrete; ravelingASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determ
47、ination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or w
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49、your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permi
