1、Designation: C1750 11Standard Guide forDevelopment, Verification, Validation, and Documentation ofSimulated High-Level Tank Waste1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1750; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revi
2、sion, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 Intent:1.1.1 The intent of this guideline is to provide generalconsiderations for the development, v
3、erification, validation,and documentation of high-level waste (HLW) tank simulants.Due to the expense and hazards associated with obtaining andworking with actual wastes, especially radioactive wastes,simulants are used in a wide variety of applications includingprocess and equipment development and
4、 testing, equipmentacceptance testing, and plant commissioning. This standardguide facilitates a consistent methodology for development,preparation, verification, validation, and documentation ofwaste simulants.1.2 This guideline provides direction on (1) defining simu-lant use, (2) defining simulan
5、t-design requirements, (3) devel-oping a simulant preparation procedure, (4) verifying andvalidating that the simulant meets design requirements, and (5)documenting simulant-development activities and simulantpreparation procedures.1.3 Applicability:1.3.1 This guide is intended for persons and organ
6、izationstasked with developing HLW simulants to mimic certaincharacteristics and properties of actual wastes. The process forsimulant development, verification, validation, and documen-tation is shown schematically in Fig. 1. Specific approvalrequirements for the simulants developed under this guide
7、lineare not provided. This topic is left to the performing organi-zation.1.3.2 While this guide is directed at HLW simulants, muchof the guidance may also be applicable to other aqueous basedsolutions and slurries.1.3.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values give
8、n in parentheses are for informationonly.1.4 User Caveats:1.4.1 This guideline is not a substitute for sound chemistryand chemical engineering skills, proven practices and experi-ence. It is not intended to be prescriptive but rather to provideconsiderations for the development and use of waste simu
9、lants.1.4.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Refe
10、renced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C1109 Practice for Analysis of Aqueous Leachates fromNuclear Waste Materials Using Inductively CoupledPlasma-Atomic Emission SpectroscopyC1111 Test Method for Determining Elements in WasteStreams by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic EmissionSpectroscopyC1752 Stand
11、ard Guide for Measuring Physical and Rheo-logical Properties of Radioactive Solutions, Slurries, andSludgesD4129 Test Method for Total and Organic Carbon in Waterby High Temperature Oxidation and by Coulometric De-tection2.2 Environmental Protection Agency SW-846 Methods:Method 3010A Acid digestion
12、of Aqueous Samples andExtracts for total metals for Analysis by FLAA or ICPSpectroscopyMethod 3050B Acid Digestion of Sediments, Sludges andSoilsMethod 3051A Microwave Assisted Acid Digestion ofSediments, Sludges and SoilsMethod 3052 Microwave Assisted Acid Digestion of Sili-ceous and Organically Ba
13、sed MatriciesMethod 6010C Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emis-sion SpectrometryMethod 6020A Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spec-trometryMethod 9056A Determination of Inorganic Anions by IonChromatography1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C26 onNuclear Fuel Cycle and
14、is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C26.13 onSpent Fuel and High Level Waste.Current edition approved June 1, 2011. Published September 2011. DOI:10.1520/C1750-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For An
15、nual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 cog
16、nizant engineer, nlead engineer responsible foroverall supervision and direction of simulant development.3.1.2 simulant, na solution or slurry that mimics orreplicates selected chemical, physical or rheological properties,or both, of an actual process or waste stream.3.1.3 simulant development test
17、plan, na document thatdescribes the simulant development process that results in asimulant that meets the usage and design requirements identi-fied in the simulant requirements specification.3.1.4 simulant preparation procedure, na document thatspecifies the step by step process of producing the sim
18、ulant.3.1.5 simulant requirements specification, na documentthat specifies the simulant use and design requirements.3.1.6 simulant validation, nestablishment of documentedevidence that confirms that behavior of the simulant adequatelymimics the targeted actual waste behavior. Simulant validationcan
19、be expressed by the query, “Are you making the correctsimulant?” and refers back to the needs for which the simulantis being developed.3.1.7 simulant verification, nestablishment of docu-mented evidence which provides a high degree of assurancethat the simulant meets the predetermined design and qua
20、lityrequirements. Simulant verification can be expressed by thequery, “Are you making the simulant properly?”3.2 Acronyms:3.2.1 ASMEAmerican Society of Mechanical Engineers3.2.2 DIDeionized Water3.2.3 GFCGlass Forming Chemicals3.2.4 HLWHigh-Level Waste3.2.5 LAWLow-Activity Waste3.2.6 N/ANot Applicab
21、le3.2.7 NQA-1Nuclear Quality Assurance3.2.8 PSDParticle Size Distribution3.2.9 QAQuality Assurance3.2.10 QCQuality Control4. Summary of Guide4.1 This guide provides general considerations on the de-velopment, preparation, validation, verification, and documen-tation of HLW simulants.4.2 The first st
22、ep in the process is to define the purpose forwhich the simulant will be used. This first step also includesspecifying the target values or range of values for the chemicalcomposition and physical and rheological properties of thesimulant. The quality assurance requirements are also definedin the fi
23、rst step in accordance with the project requirements forwhich the simulant is being developed.4.3 The next step is to define the simulant design require-ments. This involves determining the necessary and sufficientsimulant properties to be measured for each affected unitoperation. Key simulant prope
24、rties and acceptance criteria aredeveloped with regard to the project requirements for whichthe simulant is being developed. Standardized chemical, physi-cal and rheological property measurements are referenced.Topics to be considered during the development and scale-upof the simulant preparation pr
25、ocedure are provided. A method-ology for validation and verification of the simulant is dis-cussed along with suggested documentation.5. Significance and Use5.1 The development and use of simulants is generallydictated by the difficulty of working with actual radioactive orhazardous wastes, or both,
26、 and process streams. These diffi-culties include large costs associated with obtaining samples ofsignificant size as well as significant environmental, safety andhealth issues.5.2 Simulant-Development Scope Statement:5.2.1 Simulant Use Definition:5.2.1.1 The first step should be to determine what t
27、hesimulant is to be used for. Simulants may be used in a widevariety of applications including evaluation of process perfor-mance, providing design input to equipment, facilities andFIG. 1 Simulant Development, Verification, Validation, and Documentation FlowsheetC1750 112operations, acceptance test
28、ing of procured equipment or sys-tems, commissioning of equipment or facilities, or trouble-shooting operations in existing equipment or facilities. Asimulant may be used for single or multiple unit operations.Through the simulant-use definition, the characteristics of thesimulant required for devel
29、opment are determined. The char-acteristics may include chemical, physical, rheological or acombination of these properties. The effect of process chemicaladditions and recycle streams must also be assessed.5.2.1.2 The applicable quality assurance requirementsshould be specified in accordance with t
30、he projects qualityassurance program. For example in the DOE complex, theserequirements often include a QA program that implementsASME Nuclear Quality Assurance, NQA-1 (latest revision oras specified by project) and its applicable portions of Part II,Subpart 2.7 (latest revision or as specified by p
31、roject) or Officeof Civilian Radioactive Waste Management Quality AssuranceRequirements Document: QARD DOE/RW 0333P (latest revi-sion or as specified by project) QA requirements. Simulant-development activities that support regulatory and environ-mental compliance-related aspects of a waste-vitrific
32、ationprogram may need to be performed in accordance with projectquality-assurance requirements for generating environmentalregulatory data. The use of simulants for project testing that isexploratory or scoping in nature may not need to comply withspecific QA requirements.5.2.2 Simulant Composition
33、Definition:5.2.2.1 Approaches to simulant-composition developmentwill vary depending on the type of simulant required fortesting. Simulant compositions may be based on actual samplecharacterization data, formulated for specific unit operations,or used for bounding or testing the limits of a process
34、orspecific piece of equipment. Key properties that are to besimulated should be identified as it may be difficult andunnecessary to develop simulants that exactly mimic all actualprocess stream properties at once.5.2.2.2 Compositions for simulants based on actual wastesamples should be defined using
35、 the available characterizationdata as the starting point (see Fig. 2). The best availablesource-term analytical data, including uncertainties, along witha comparison against comparable inventory data, historicalprocess information, or feed vectors must be assessed. Thiscomparison should highlight a
36、nalytical outlier values that willneed to be addressed for an analyte.5.2.2.3 For simulant compositions that mimic flow sheetstreams later in the process (after the best available wastesource-term analytical information on the incoming wastestream is defined), process flow sheet model runs may bereq
37、uired to provide estimates of the additional stream compo-sitions that incorporate recycle streams from other flow sheetunit operations. Flow sheet runs should consider transientbehavior of the process in order to provide a range ofcompositions such that bounding conditions can be deter-mined. The c
38、ompositional waste-stream source-term datashould be used as inputs to the process model. Any otherplanned operations that could affect flow sheet compositionsbeing simulated (for example, adjustment of actual-waste-composition data to reflect future waste-feed delivery activitiesto arrive at the “be
39、st forecast composition range”) need to beconsidered. If available, analytical data from actual wastecharacterization and testing should be compared to waste-stream-modeling results to validate the modeling results. Theassumptions and inputs to the process flow sheet used shouldbe described and disc
40、ussed, and should be incorporated into thesimulant requirements specification. By this process, the bestforecast simulant composition range would be traceable toactual waste-characterization data.5.2.2.4 For simulant compositions formulated for specificunit operations, the composition may be targete
41、d to only thechemical, physical, and rheological properties that are knownto affect specific key operating or processing parameters.5.2.2.5 For a simulant intended to bound the limits of aprocess or specific piece of equipment, a range of compositionsshould be developed to define these operational l
42、imits. Forexample, purely physical simulants may be used to determinethe rheological bounds between which a specific vessel is ableto meet a required process condition. For this approach,multiple simulants may be required to test numerous param-eters. A bounding simulant may consist of an existing s
43、imulantspiked with specific compounds to test process performance(for example, added organics to test destruction in a meltersystem) or a purely physical simulant to test the acceptablephysical and rheological process limits of a system.5.3 Simulant Design Requirements:5.3.1 The cognizant engineer s
44、hould determine the neces-sary and sufficient simulant properties to measure for eachaffected unit operation, waste, or recycle stream. These shouldbe the same for both actual waste and simulant waste where theFIG. 2 Flowsheet for Simulant Composition Determinations Based Upon Actual Waste Sample Ch
45、aracterization DataC1750 113simulant is based upon actual-waste characterization data.Often trace amounts of polyvalent ions or organic constituentscan have a significant influence on physical and rheologicalproperties and must be carefully considered. Appendix X1provides an example of chemical, phy
46、sical, and rheologicalproperties-measurement matrices for several common unitoperations associated with tank waste treatment waste streamsthat may be considered in developing simulant-design require-ments. A similar chemical, physical, and rheological property-measurement matrix should be developed
47、for each specificproject or application.5.3.2 The cognizant engineer should determine how closeeach measured property must be to the target value for theimportant analytes, physical and rheological properties. Therange of acceptable values may depend on the simulant use aswell as the accuracy of the
48、 analytical techniques used formeasuring the properties. The specified ranges should thenbecome the acceptance criteria for the simulant eventuallyprepared, to verify the simulant-preparation procedure.5.3.3 The following key properties may be discussed (asapplicable) and documented in the simulant
49、requirementsspecification:5.3.3.1 Key Processing PropertiesThe key processingproperties to be determined using the simulant should be listed.These may consist of the properties that are measured duringtesting of a piece of equipment or unit operation. Examplesinclude filtrate flux, decontamination factors, fouling, scaling,pressure drop, and sample homogeneity. The cognizant engi-neer should consider plant process upset conditions in testingrequirements.5.3.3.2 Key Chemical PropertiesThe chemical propertiesof the simulant necessary to ensure preparation of a valid
