1、Designation: C1752 11C1752 17Standard Guide forMeasuring Physical and Rheological Properties ofRadioactive Solutions, Slurries, and Sludges1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1752; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the ca
2、se of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 Intent:1.1.1 The intent of this guide is to provide guidance for the measurement and calcu
3、lation of physical and rheological propertiesof radioactive solutions, slurries, and sludges as well as simulants designed to model the properties of these radioactive materials.1.2 Applicability:1.2.1 This guide is intended for measurement of mass and volume of the solution, slurries, and sludges a
4、s well as dissolvedsolids content in the liquid fraction and solids content associated with the slurries and sludges. Particle size distribution is alsomeasured.1.2.2 This guide identifies the data required and the equations recommended for calculation of density (bulk, settled solids,supernatant, a
5、nd centrifuged solids), settling rate, volume and weight percent of the centrifuged solids and settled solids, and theweight percent undissolved solids, dissolved solids, and total oxides.1.2.3 This guide is intended for measurement of shear strength and shear stress as a function of shear rate.1.2.
6、4 Rheological property measurement guidelines in this guide are limited to rotational rheometers.1.2.5 This guide is limited to measurements of viscous and incipient flow and does not include oscillatory rheometry.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of me
7、asurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatoryli
8、mitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization T
9、echnical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C859 Terminology Relating to Nuclear MaterialsC1751 Guide for Sampling Radioactive Tank WasteD1193 Specification for Reagent Water2.2 Other Standards:3ISO13320-1ISO13320;2009 “Particle Size AnalysisLaser Diffractio
10、n Methods. Part 1: General Principles,” InternationalOrganization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland (1999)3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 apparent viscosity, nmeasured shear stress divided by the measured shear rate.1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C26 on Nuc
11、lear Fuel Cycle and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C26.13 on Spent Fuel andHigh Level Waste.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2011July 1, 2017. Published December 2011August 2017. Originally approved in 2011. Last previous edition approved in 2011 asC1752 11. DOI: 10.1520/C175211. 10.1
12、520/C1752-17.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society S
13、pecifications, American Chemical Society, Washington, D. C. For suggestions on the testing of reagents not listed bythe American Chemical Society see Analar Standards for Laboratory Chemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U. K., and the United States Pharmacopeia and NationalFormulary, U. S. Pharmacopei
14、al Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville, MD.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, AS
15、TM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.2
16、density, nin the United States, mass per unit volume.3.1.3 interstitial solution, nin this guide, interstitial solution is the solution contained between the suspended, settled, orcentrifuged solid particles of a sludge sample.3.1.4 Newtonian fluid, na fluid whose apparent viscosity is independent o
17、f shear rate.3.1.5 non-Newtonian fluid, na fluid whose apparent viscosity varies with shear rate.3.1.6 rheogram, nplot of shear stress versus shear rate.3.1.6.1 DiscussionA rheogram is also called a flow curve.3.1.7 shear rate, nin laminar flow, the velocity gradient perpendicular to the direction o
18、f shear flow in parallel adjacent layersof a fluid body under shear force.3.1.8 shear strength, nmaximum shear stress measured during incipient motion.3.1.9 shear stress, nshear force per unit area.3.1.10 sludge, nin this guide, sludge is wet solids having little or no standing liquid (that is, mud-
19、like).3.1.11 slurry, nin this guide, a slurry is a mixture of solids and solution3.1.12 supernatant liquid, na liquid phase overlying material deposited by settling, precipitation, or centrifugation.3.1.13 solids settling rate, nin this guide, the rate at which solids in a homogenized sample settle
20、as defined by the changein the settled solids height as a function of time.3.1.14 volume percent (vol%) settled solids, nin this guide, the percentage of the volume of the slurry sample that the settledsolids with its interstitial liquid occupy after settling for a specified time under one gravity.3
21、.1.15 volume percent (vol%) centrifuged solids, nin this guide, the volume of the solids layer with its interstitial liquid thatseparates from the bulk slurry after centrifugation at a specified time and centrifugal force divided by the total sample volume ona percentage basis.3.1.16 weight percent
22、(wt%) total oxides, npercentage of the mass of the bulk sample that remains after converting allnon-volatile elements to oxides at 1000C.3.1.17 weight percent (wt%) centrifuged solids, nin this guide, the mass of the solids layer with its interstitial liquid thatseparates from the bulk slurry after
23、centrifugation at a specified time and centrifugal force divided by the total bulk slurry samplemass on a percentage basis.3.1.18 weight percent (wt%) dissolved solids, nmass of dissolved species in the supernatant liquid divided by the total massof the supernatant liquid on a percentage basis.3.1.1
24、9 weight percent (wt%) dried solids, npercentage of the mass of the sample that remains after removing volatilesincluding free water by drying at 105 6 5C to a stable mass.3.1.19.1 DiscussionWt% total dried solids and wt% centrifuged dried solids are the wt% dried solids in the bulk sample and centr
25、ifuged solids,respectively.3.1.20 weight percent (wt%) undissolved solids, ncalculated value reflecting the percent mass of solids remaining if all thesupernatant liquid and interstitial solution were removed from the bulk slurry.3.1.21 yield stress, nminimum stress required to initiate fluid moveme
26、nt as determined by a flow curve using a rheologicalmodel.3.2 Nomenclature:3.2.1 bHershel-Bulkley power law exponent (unitless).3.2.2 Bsteady-state torque in a shear strength test in Ncm.3.2.3 Ddiameter of the shear vane in cm.3.2.4 DTdiameter of the shear strength sample cup in cm.3.2.5 Hheight of
27、the shear vane in cm.3.2.6 kHershel-Bulkley consistency coefficient in Pasb.3.2.7 mpower law consistency coefficient in Pasn.3.2.8 MBtotal mass of bulk slurry after centrifugation in g.C1752 1723.2.9 MCCmass of the centrifuge cone in g.3.2.10 MCRmass of the crucible in g.3.2.11 MCSmass of the centri
28、fuged solids and their interstitial liquid in g.3.2.12 MDCSmass of the oven dried centrifuged solids in g.3.2.13 MDCLmass of the oven dried centrifuged supernatant liquid in g.3.2.14 MFSCmass of the fired solids (1000C) in the crucible in g.3.2.15 MOSCmass of the oven dried solids (105C) in the cruc
29、ible in g.3.2.16 MSmass of the decanted supernatant liquid after centrifugation in g.3.2.17 MSLmass of the supernatant liquid after gravity settling in g.3.2.18 MSSmass of the settled solids and interstitial liquid after gravity settling in g.3.2.19 MVLmass of a subsample of the decanted centrifuged
30、 supernatant liquid in g.3.2.20 MWCSmass of the wet sample in the crucible in g.3.2.21 npower law exponent (unitless).3.2.22 Nrotational rate of the shear vane in revolutions per min.3.2.23 PMCSpercent mass of centrifuged solids with the associated interstitial liquid in the slurry.3.2.24 PMDSpercen
31、t mass of oven dried solids in the crucible.3.2.25 PMOXpercent mass of oxides in the slurry.3.2.26 PMSSpercent mass of settled solids with its associated interstitial liquid.3.2.27 PMTSpercent mass of total solids.3.2.28 PMUSpercent mass of undissolved solids in the slurry.3.2.29 PODSpercent mass of
32、 oven dried solids in the centrifuged solids including interstitial liquid.3.2.30 PVCSpercent volume of centrifuged solids with its associated interstitial liquid in the slurry.3.2.31 PVSSpercent volume of settled solids with its associated interstitial liquid in the slurry.3.2.32 r2correlation coef
33、ficient (unitless).3.2.33 R1radius of the inner cylinder of the viscometer concentric cylinder geometry in cm.3.2.34 R2radius of the outer cylinder of the viscometer concentric cylinder geometry in cm.3.2.35 ReReynolds number (unitless).3.2.36 Rtmaximum torque in a shear strength test in Ncm.3.2.37
34、VBtotal volume of bulk sample after centrifugation in mL.3.2.38 VCSvolume centrifuged solids and the associated interstitial liquid in mL.3.2.39 VSvolume of decanted supernatant liquid after centrifugation in mL.3.2.40 VSBtotal volume of bulk sample after gravity settling in mL.3.2.41 VSLvolume of s
35、upernatant liquid after gravity settling in mL.3.2.42 VSSvolume of settled solids with its associated interstitial liquid after gravity settling in mL.3.2.43 Z1height of the sample above the top of the immersed shear vane in cm.3.2.44 Z2depth of the sample below the immersed shear vane in cm.3.2.45
36、Bbulk density of slurry in g/mL.3.2.46 CSdensity of centrifuged solids in g/mL.3.2.47 Sdensity of supernatant liquid in g/mL.3.2.48 SSdensity of settled solids in g/mL.3.2.49 shear stress in Pa.3.2.50 oshear strength in Pa.3.2.51 oBBingham yield stress in Pa.3.2.52 oHHerschel-Bulkley yield stress in
37、 Pa.3.2.53 Newtonian viscosity in Pas.3.2.54 pplastic viscosity in Pas.C1752 1733.2.55 shear rate in s-1.3.2.56 apparent viscosity in Pas.3.3 Other unique terms used throughout the nuclear industry are defined in the terminology standard for the ASTM committeeon the nuclear fuel cycle (Terminology C
38、859).4. Summary of Guide4.1 Guidance for the measurement and calculation of physical and rheological properties of radioactive solutions, slurries, andsludges is provided. Methods are applicable to remote handling and measurement of samples with significant radiation doses.4.2 Physical properties in
39、cluding bulk density, settled solids density, centrifuged solids density, supernatant density, settling rate,and volume and weight percent centrifuged and settled solids are determined by measuring the solids with their interstitial liquidand supernatant liquid masses and volumes as a function of ti
40、me during settling and centrifugation of slurry and sludge samples.4.3 Dissolved and undissolved solids content of solutions, slurries, and sludges as well as the solids separated by settling orcentrifugation, or both, are calculated by measuring the mass of the sample prior to and after drying the
41、sample. Oxide contentis determined by measuring the mass of the sample before and after heating the sample in air at high enough temperatures(1000C) to oxidize the solids in the sample.4.3.1 Automated moisture analyzers may be used to measure solids content after the automated method has been verifi
42、ed toprovide comparable results for similar samples to the oven drying method described in this standard.4.4 The flow behavior of solutions, slurries, and sludges is characterized by determining the shear strength, apparent viscosity,and yield stress of the material by measuring the shear stress of
43、a sample as the sample shear rate on the sample is systematicallyvaried.5. Significance and Use5.1 Measurements performed in this guide are limited to radioactive solutions, slurries, and sludges as well as simulantsdesigned to model the properties of these radioactive materials.5.2 Data obtained fr
44、om the measurement and calculation of physical and rheological properties of radioactive solutions, slurries,and sludges are essential in developing appropriate simulants for design and testing of retrieval, transport, mixing, and storagesystems for treatment of radioactive materials. These data als
45、o provide input parameters for modeling the flow behavior,processing, transport, safety, and storage of these radioactive materials.5.3 Consistency in the handling of samples, measurement methods, and calculations is essential in obtaining reproducibleresults of rheological and physical property mea
46、surements.5.4 This guide will be used to measure or calculate the physical properties listed below.5.4.1 Bulk slurry density5.4.2 Settled solids density5.4.3 Centrifuged solids density5.4.4 Supernatant density5.4.5 Settling rate5.4.6 Volume percent centrifuged solids5.4.7 Volume percent settled soli
47、ds after settling5.4.8 Undissolved solids content5.4.9 Dissolved solids content5.4.10 Weight percent centrifuged solids5.4.11 Weight percent total oxides5.4.12 Solids content of the centrifuged solids5.4.13 Total solids content5.5 This guide describes the process of performing measurement of the rhe
48、ological properties. The rheological measurementsand calculations described in this guide are limited to shear strength, shear stress versus shear rate, apparent viscosity, consistency,and yield stress.5.6 Due to the nature of some solutions, slurries, and sludges, not all of the measurements descri
49、bed in this standard may beapplicable to all samples. For example, some sludges do not settle; therefore, settling rate measurements are not applicable for thesesamples.6. Reagents and Materials6.1 Purity of ReagentsReagent grade chemicals shall be used in all measurements. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intendedthat all reagents conform to the specifications of the Committee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society whereC1752 174such specifications are
