1、Designation: C1765 13Standard Specification forSteel Fiber Reinforced Concrete Culvert, Storm Drain, andSewer Pipe1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1765; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers steel fiber reinforced concretepipe (SFRCP) of internal diameters 12 - 48 in., intended t
3、o beused for the conveyance of sewage, industrial wastes, andstorm water and for the construction of culverts.NOTE 1Experience has shown that the successful performance of thisproduct depends upon the proper selection of the pipe strength, the type ofbedding and backfill, the care that the installat
4、ion conforms to theconstruction specifications, and provision for adequate inspection at theconstruction site. This specification does not include requirements forbedding, backfill, the relation ship between field load conditions and thestrength designation of pipe, or durability under unusual envir
5、onmentalconditions. These requirements should be included in the project specifi-cation.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A820/A820M Specification for Steel Fi
6、bers for Fiber-Reinforced ConcreteC33 Specification for Concrete AggregatesC150 Specification for Portland CementC260 Specification for Air-Entraining Admixtures for Con-creteC494/C494M Specification for Chemical Admixtures forConcreteC497 Test Methods for Concrete Pipe, Manhole Sections, orTileC595
7、 Specification for Blended Hydraulic CementsC618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or CalcinedNatural Pozzolan for Use in ConcreteC822 Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe and RelatedProductsC989 Specification for Slag Cement for Use in Concrete andMortarsC1017/C1017M Specification for Chemica
8、l Admixtures forUse in Producing Flowing ConcreteE105 Practice for Probability Sampling of Materials3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms relating to concretepipe not defined in this specification, see Terminology C822.3.2 DServicethe DTesttest load divided by a factor of safetyof 1.
9、5.3.3 DTestthe load the pipe is required to support in thethree-edge bearing test expressed as a D-load.4. Classification4.1 Pipe furnished under this specification shall be desig-nated as Class I, II, III, IV, or V. The corresponding strengthrequirements are prescribed in Table 1. Special designs f
10、or pipestrengths not designated in Table 1 are permitted, provided allother requirements of this specification are met.5. Basis of Acceptance5.1 The acceptability of the pipe design shall be in accor-dance with Section 9.5.2 Unless designated by the owner at the time of, or beforeplacing an order, t
11、he pipe shall be accepted on the basis ofSections 10 and 11, and such material tests as are required in7.2, 7.3, and 7.5.5.3 Age for AcceptancePipe shall be considered ready foracceptance when they conform to the requirements of thisspecification.6. Design and Manufacturing6.1 The manufacturer shall
12、 provide the following informa-tion regarding the pipe unless waived by the owner:6.1.1 Pipe design strength (DService).6.1.2 Physical CharacteristicsDiameter, wall thickness,laying length, and joint details.6.1.3 Steel Fiber Concrete Compressive StrengthMinimum steel fiber concrete compressive stre
13、ngth equal to4000 psi.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 onConcrete Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C13.02 onReinforced Sewer and Culvert Pipe.Current edition approved Sept. 15, 2013. Published October 2013. DOI:10.1520/C176513.2For referenced AST
14、M standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohoc
15、ken, PA 19428-2959. United States16.1.4 Admixtures.6.1.5 Reinforcement:6.1.5.1 Type of reinforcement, applicable reinforcementspecification, and grade.6.1.5.2 Percentage of steel fiber reinforcing by volume.6.1.6 Manufacturing and curing process.7. Materials and Manufacture7.1 Materials:7.1.1 Steel
16、Fiber Reinforced ConcreteThe steel fiber re-inforced concrete shall consist of cementitious materials,mineral aggregates, admixtures, and water, in which steel fibershave been mixed in such a manner that the steel and concreteact together to resist stresses.7.2 Cementitious Materials:7.2.1 CementCem
17、ent shall conform to the requirementsfor portland cement of Specification C150 or shall be portlandblast-furnace slag cement or slag modified portland cement, orportland-pozzolan cement conforming to the requirements ofSpecification C595, except that the pozzolan constituent in theType IP portland-p
18、ozzolan cement shall be fly ash.7.2.2 Fly AshFly ash shall conform to the requirements ofClass F or Class C of Specification C618.7.2.3 Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag (GGBFS)GGBFS shall conform to the requirements of Grade 100 or 120of Specification C989.7.2.4 Allowable Combinations of Cementi
19、tious MaterialsThe combination of cementitious materials used in the cementshall be one of the following:7.2.4.1 Portland cement only,7.2.4.2 Portland blast furnace slag cement only.7.2.4.3 Portland pozzolan cement only,7.2.4.4 A combination of portland cement and fly ash,7.2.4.5 A combination of po
20、rtland cement and groundgranulated blast-furnace slag,7.2.4.6 A combination of portland cement, ground granu-lated blast-fumace slag, and fly ash,7.2.4.7 A combination of portland pozzolan cement and flyash.7.3 AggregatesAggregates shall conform to the require-ments of Specification C33, except that
21、 the requirement forgradation shall not apply.7.4 Admixtures and BlendsThe following admixtures andblends are allowable.7.4.1 Air-entraining admixture conforming to SpecificationC260;7.4.2 Chemical admixture conforming to SpecificationC494/C494M;7.4.3 Chemical admixture for use in producing flowingc
22、oncrete conforming to Specification C1017/C1017M; and7.4.4 Chemical admixture or blend approved by the owner.7.5 Steel ReinforcementReinforcement shall consist ofsteel fibers conforming to Specification A820/A820M.7.6 Manufacture:7.6.1 MixtureThe aggregates shall be sized, graded,proportioned, and m
23、ixed with such proportions of cementitiousmaterials, steel fibers, admixtures, and water as will produce athoroughly mixed steel fiber concrete of such quality that thepipe will conform to the test and design requirements of thisspecification. All concrete shall have a water-cementitiousmaterials ra
24、tio not exceeding 0.53 by weight. Cementitiousmaterials shall be as specified in 7.2.7.6.2 ReinforcementSteel reinforcing fibers shall be thor-oughly mixed throughout the concrete amalgam. No restrictionis placed on the combination or proportion of steel fibers in thefinished product, except that pi
25、pes manufactured using thesematerials and mixture shall comply with the performancerequirements of this standard.7.6.3 JointsThe joints shall be of such design and the endsof the concrete pipe sections so formed that when the sectionsare laid together they will make a continuous line of pipe witha s
26、mooth interior free of appreciable irregularities in the flowline, all compatible with the permissible variations given inSection 11.8. Design8.1 DesignThe wall thickness, compressive strength ofthe concrete, and percentage of steel fibers by volume shall besufficient to pass the DTestrequirements i
27、n Table 1.8.2 Special Classes:8.2.1 If permitted by the owner, the manufacturer mayrequest approval by the owner of a special class of pipe havingDTestvalues that differ from those shown in Table 1.8.2.2 Such special classes of pipe shall be based on the samedesign/testing requirements as required f
28、or those classes foundin Table 1.9. Proof of Design Testing9.1 Test Equipment and FacilitiesThe manufacturer shallfurnish without charge all samples, facilities, and personnelnecessary to carry out the tests required by this specification.9.2 Proof of DesignWhen testing for proof of design, thepipe
29、tests shall be conducted in accordance with Test MethodsC497. Load on the pipe shall increase continuously until itreaches the ultimate load without collapse due to residualstrength provided by the steel-fiber matrix. The Dultvalue shallbe recorded.9.3 Proof of Bond/Ductility/ToughnessAfter the proo
30、f ofdesign test, the pipe shall be immediately unloaded andreloaded in accordance with Test Method C497. As a verifica-tion of bond, ductility, and toughness, the pipe shall be loadeduntil it reaches the specified service load, DService.NOTE 2This test ensures the fibers have both the anchorage andt
31、ensile strength to continue to behave in a ductile, not brittle manner.TABLE 1 Pipe Strength RequirementsPipe Class DService(lb/linear foot/foot of diameter)DTest(lb/linear foot/footof diameter)I 800 1200II 1000 1500III 1350 2025IV 2000 3000V 3000 4500C1765 1329.4 Establishment of Pipe Strength:9.4.
32、1 Three to seven representative specimens, of standardproduction pipe, shall be tested to their ultimate load, and theresults recorded. Using the values obtained in 9.2, compute thevalues in 9.4.2 and 9.4.3.NOTE 3It is necessary that samples be selected at random. Forguidance see Practice E105.9.4.2
33、 Compute the estimated standard deviation, s,byEq 1or Eq 2, which equations yield identical values.s 5 = Xi2 X!2#n 2 1! (1)s 5 = Xi22 Xi!2 n#n 2 1! (2)where:Xi= observed value of the load to develop the ultimatestrength,X= average (arithmetic mean) of the values of Xi, andn = number of observed valu
34、es.9.4.3 Compute the minimum allowable arithmetic mean, Xs.by Eq 3.InEq 3, the value of the estimated standard deviation,s, shall be as calculated by Eq 1,orEq 2, or equal to 0.07 L,whichever is greater.Xs5 L1Sm(3)L = specification limit (specified D-load) andSm= modified standard deviation dependen
35、t upon samplesize (see Table 2).9.4.4 The pipe shall be deemed acceptable if the arithmeticmean Xfor the Dultstrength value is equal to or greater than Xs.9.5 Sample Testing of Pipe StrengthIf any part of thematerial or manufacture of the pipe are modified, then theability of the pipe to meet the re
36、quired DTestvalue shall bereestablished in accordance with 9.4. Provided there is nochange in material or manufacture of the pipe used to establishthe pipe class, pipe shall be periodically tested in accordancewith Section 10 for quality assurance.10. Physical Requirements10.1 The proof of design is
37、 as required in accordance with9.2. The test requirements of this section apply to the qualityassurance of pipe production with the pipe being tested to DTest(150 % of the DService).10.2 Test SpecimensThe pipe required for tests shall befurnished by the manufacturer, selected at random, and shall be
38、pipe that would otherwise not be rejected under this specifica-tion.10.3 External Load Test StrengthThe load to produce theDTestLoad as determined by the three-edge-bearing methoddescribed in the Test Methods C497 shall not be less than thatprescribed in Table 1 for each respective class of pipe. It
39、 is nota requirement of this section that the pipe be loaded to its Dultstrength. Section 9 does test the pipe to Dult.10.4 Number and Tests Required for Pipe Test LoadThepipe producer shall perform a three-edge bearing test inaccordance with Test Methods C497 and the provisions in 10.2.The test sha
40、ll be performed on one pipe per production run, asdefined in Terminology C822, or every 200 pieces of like sizeand class of pipe, whichever is less.NOTE 4While cracks may occur in steel fiber reinforced concretepipe, they are not to be considered an indication of overstressed or failedpipe provided
41、the pipe meets all other performance requirements of thisspecification.10.5 Retests of PipeIf any pipe fails to pass the three-edgebearing test requirements, then three more pipe shall beselected at random from the same production run and tested. Ifall three pipes pass, then the pipe from that produ
42、ction run isacceptable. If any pipe fails to meet the test requirements, therequired tests shall be made on the balance of the order and thepipe shall be accepted if they conform to the requirements ofthis specification.10.6 AbsorptionAn annual absorption test shall be per-fortned for each mix desig
43、n for each production process. Theabsorption of a sample from the wall of the pipe, as determinedin accordance with Test Methods C497, shall not exceed 9 %of the dry mass for Method A or 8.5 % for Method B. EachMethod A sample shall have a minimum mass of 2.2 lb (1.0kg), shall be free of visible cra
44、cks, and shall represent the fullwall thickness of the pipe. When the initial absorption samplefrom the pipe fails to conform to this specification, theabsorption test shall be made on another sample from the samepipe and the results of the retest shall be substituted for theoriginal test results.CO
45、NCRETE TESTING10.7 Type of SpecimenCompression tests for determiningsteel fiber concrete compressive strength shall be allowed to bemade on either concrete cylinders or on cores drilled from thepipe.10.8 Compression Testing of Cylinders:10.8.1 Cylinder ProductionCylinders shall be prepared inaccorda
46、nce with the cylinder strength test method of TestMethods C497.10.8.2 Number of CylindersPrepare not fewer than threetest cylinders from each steel fiber concrete mix used within agroup (one days production) of pipe sections.10.8.3 Acceptability on the Basis of Cylinder Test Results:10.8.3.1 When th
47、e compressive strengths of all cylinderstested for a group are equal to or greater than the design steelfiber concrete strength, the compressive strength of the steelfiber concrete in the group of pipe sections shall be accepted.10.8.3.2 When the average compressive strength of allcylinders tested i
48、s equal to or greater than the design steel fiberconcrete strength, not more than 10 % after the cylinders testedhave a compressive strength less than the design steel fiberconcrete strength. and no cylinder tested has a compressiveTABLE 2 Modified Standard Deviation ValuesSample Size (n)SmValue3 1.
49、08s4 1.09s5 1.10s7 1.16sC1765 133strength less than 80 % of the design steel fiber concretestrength, then the group shall be accepted.10.8.3.3 When the compressive strength of the cylinderstested does not conform to the acceptance criteria stated in10.8.3.1 or 10.8.3.2, the acceptability of the group shall bedetermined in accordance with the provisions of 10.9.10.9 Compression Testing of Cores:10.9.1 Obtaining CoresCores shall be obtained, prepared,and tested in accordance with the core strength test method ofTest Methods C
