1、Designation: C1781/C1781M 14aC1781/C1781M 15Standard Test Method forSurface Infiltration Rate of Permeable Unit PavementSystems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1781/C1781M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of
2、 revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the determination of the field surface infiltration rate of in place p
3、ermeable unit pavement systemssurfaced with solid interlocking concrete paving units, concrete grid paving units, or clay paving brick.NOTE 1For in-place pervious concrete, Test Method C1701/C1701M should be used. Test Method C1701/C1701M is functionally identical to thisstandard, but does not inclu
4、de the added provisions for positioning and securing the test ring to a discontinuous surface, which are detailed in this standard.Both tests methods give comparable results1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in ea
5、chsystem may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from thetwo systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.3 The text of this test method references notes that provide explanatory material. These notes shall not be c
6、onsidered asrequirements of the test method.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulato
7、rylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C902 Specification for Pedestrian and Light Traffic Paving BrickC920 Specification for Elastomeric Joint SealantsC936C936/C936M Specification for Solid Concrete Interlocking Paving UnitsC1232 Terminology of MasonryC1272 Specificat
8、ion for Heavy Vehicular Paving BrickC1319 Specification for Concrete Grid Paving UnitsC1701C1701/C1701M Test Method for Infiltration Rate of In Place Pervious Concrete2.2 Other Standards:3Federal Specification A-A-3110 (TT-P-1536A) Plumbing Fixture Setting Compound3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsThe te
9、rms used in this test method are defined in Terminology C1232.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 An infiltration ring is temporarily sealed to the surface of a permeable unit pavement system. These pavements typicallyconsist of solid concrete paving units conforming to Specification C936C936/C936M, concre
10、te grid paving units conforming toSpecification C1319, or clay paving brick conforming to Specification C902 or C1272. These pavements allow drainage throughjoints between the units or through voids formed by the intersection of two or more units or intentionally manufactured into theunits. The resu
11、lts of this test method for unit pavement systems can be compared to that using Test Method C1701C1701/C1701M1 This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C15 on Manufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C15.04 on Research.Current edition approved De
12、c. 1, 2014July 1, 2015. Published December 2014July 2015. Originally approved in 2013. Last previous edition approved in 2014 asC1781/C1781M 14.C1781/C1781M 14a. DOI: 10.1520/C1781_C1781M14A.10.1520/C1781_C1781M15.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Cu
13、stomer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4, Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, http:/dodssp.daps
14、.dla.mil.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult
15、prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA
16、19428-2959. United States1for pervious concrete.After pre-wetting the test location, a given mass of water is introduced into the ring and the time for the waterto infiltrate the pavement is recorded. The infiltration rate is calculated in accordance with 9.1.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test met
17、hod can be used for acceptance of surface infiltration of new permeable unit pavement systems.5.2 Tests performed at the same location across a span of years may be used to detect a reduction of infiltration rate of thepermeable surface, thereby identifying the need for any remedial maintenance inte
18、nded to increase the infiltration rates topredefined levels.5.3 The infiltration rate obtained by this method is valid only for the localized area of the pavement where the test is conducted.To determine the surface infiltration rate of the entire permeable pavement, multiple locations must be teste
19、d and the resultsaveraged.5.4 The minimum acceptable infiltration rate is typically established by the design engineer of record or the municipality andcan be a function of the design precipitation event.6. Apparatus6.1 Infiltration RingA cylindrical ring, open at both ends (See Fig. 1). The ring sh
20、all be watertight, sufficiently rigid to retainits form when filled with water, and shall have a diameter of 300 6 10 mm 12.0 6 0.5 in. with a minimum height of 50 mm2.0 in. The bottom edge of the ring shall be even. The inner surface of the ring shall be marked or scored with two lines at adistance
21、 of 10 and 15 mm 0.40 and 0.60 in. from the bottom of the ring. Measure and record the inner diameter of the ring tothe nearest 1 mm 0.05 in.NOTE 2Ring materials that have been found to be suitable include steel, aluminum, rigid plastic, and PVC.6.2 BalanceA balance or scale accurate to 10 g 0.020.0
22、5 kg 0.1 lb.6.3 ContainerAcylindrical container typically made of plastic having a volume of at least 20 L 5 gal, and from which watermay be easily poured at a controlled rate into the infiltration ring.6.4 Stop WatchAccurate to 0.1 s.6.5 Plumbers Putty (Non-Hardening)Meeting Specification C920 or F
23、ederal Specification A-A-3110.6.6 WaterPotable water.7. Test Locations7.1 Perform tests at multiple locations at a site as requested by the purchaser of testing services. Unless otherwise specified, usethe following to determine the number of tests to perform:7.1.1 Three test locations for areas up
24、to 2500 m2 25 000 ft2.7.1.2 Add one test location for each additional 1000 m2 10 000 ft2 or fraction thereof.7.2 Provide at least 1 m 3 ft clear distance between test locations, unless at least 24 h have elapsed between tests.7.3 Do not test if there is standing water on top of the permeable pavemen
25、t. Do not test within 24 h of the last precipitation.8. Procedure8.1 Infiltration Ring InstallationClean the pavement surface by only sweeping off trash, debris, and other non-seated material.8.2 Take a photograph of the immediate area to be tested to document the pavement pattern and layout. Move t
26、he ring over thesurface of the pavement until the pattern, drainage joints and drainage voids framed within the infiltration ring are representativeof the entire paving pattern, drainage joints and drainage voids across the pavement surface. Set the ring on the pavement surfaceFIG. 1 Dimensions of I
27、nfiltration RingC1781/C1781M 152and mark its location by circumscribing it with chalk or other temporary marking. Take a photograph of the circumscribed chalkor temporary marking to document the placement of the ring relative to the pavement pattern and layout (see Note 23).NOTE 3The procedure in 8.
28、2 for selecting and documenting the placement of the infiltration ring on a representative area of the pavement is sufficientin most cases for determining the infiltration rate of the pavement. The drainage area within the infiltration ring is typically within 620 % of the averagedrainage area of th
29、e pavement as a whole. This accuracy is adequate for most situations. If a more accurate quantification of the infiltration rate is needed,the procedure detailed in Appendix X1 can be used to normalize the drainage area within the infiltration ring to the average drainage area of the pavementas a wh
30、ole.8.3 For solid interlocking concrete paving units and clay brick paving, remove aggregate to a depth of no greater than 10 mm0.5 in. in any joint or drainage void that will be directly below the test ring and fill these areas with plumbers putty so that apositive seal can be made to the test ring
31、 once it is placed on the surface. Take care not to extend the plumbers putty more than10 mm 0.5 in. inside the perimeter of the chalk line or other temporary marking. For concrete grid paving units, center as muchof the ring as possible on the webs. For ring locations over openings, remove any vege
32、tation, if present, directly below the testring to a depth of no greater than 10 mm 0.5 in and apply plumbers putty to the surface of the soil, or to the aggregate, if present,so that a positive seal can be made to the test ring once it is placed on the surface. Take care not to extend the plumbers
33、putty morethan 10 mm 0.5 in. inside the perimeter of the chalk line or other temporary marking.8.4 Apply plumbers putty around the bottom edge of the ring and place the ring onto the surface being tested. Press the puttyinto the surface and around the bottom edge of the ring to create a watertight s
34、eal making sure that the putty does not extend morethan 10 mm 0.5 inin. inside the perimeter of the ring. Place additional putty as needed to ensure a watertight seal.NOTE 4In a hot environment or when the surface temperature is over 38C 100F plumbers putty may not adhere to the surface of the pavem
35、enteasily. Therefore it is advisable to perform this test during a cooler temperature.8.5 PrewettingPour water into the ring at a rate sufficient to maintain a head between the two marked lines. Take care to pourthe water such that it falls directly on the surface of a paving unit and not onto the j
36、oints. This minimizes displacement of jointingaggregate and any accumulated sediment in the joints during the test (see Note 45). Use a total of 3.60 6 0.05 kg 8.0 6 0.1 lbof water. Begin timing as soon as the water impacts the permeable pavement surface. Stop timing when free water is no longerpres
37、ent on the surface. Record the amount of elapsed time to the nearest 0.1 second.NOTE 5It is recommended that the pour height be limited to a maximum of 150 mm 6.0 in. above the surface of the paving units to minimizedisruption.8.6 TestThe test shall be started within 2 min after the completion of th
38、e prewetting. If the elapsed time in the prewetting stageis less than 30 s, then use a total of 18.00 6 0.050.25 kg 40.00 6 0.10.5 lb of water. If the elapsed time in the prewetting stageis greater than or equal to 30 s, then use a total of 3.60 6 0.05 kg 8.0 6 0.1 lb of water. Record the weight of
39、water to the nearest10 g 0.020.05 kg 0.1 lb. Pour the water onto the ring at a rate sufficient to maintain a head between the two marked lines anduntil the measured amount of water has been used. Take care to pour the water such that it falls directly on the surface of a pavingunit and not onto the
40、joints. This minimizes displacement of jointing aggregate and any accumulated sediment in the joints duringthe test (see Note 56). Begin timing as soon as the water impacts the permeable pavement surface. Stop timing when free wateris no longer present on the surface. Record the testing duration (t)
41、 to the nearest 0.1 second.NOTE 6If a sloped pavement is being measured, maintain head between the two marked lines at the lowest point of the slope.8.7 If a test is repeated at the same location, the repeat test does not require pre-wetting if conducted within 5 min aftercompletion of the first tes
42、t. If more than one test is two tests are conducted at a location on a given day, the infiltration rate at thatlocation on that day shall be calculated as the average of the two tests. Do not repeat this test more than twiceNo more than twotests shall be conducted at the same location on a giventhe
43、same day.8.8 When completed with testing, remove plumbers putty from the joints and surface, reinstate the removed aggregate jointingmaterials, and sweep test area clean.9. Calculation9.1 Calculate the infiltration rate (I) using consistent units as follows:I 5KMD2 *t! (1)where:I = Infiltration rate
44、, mm/h in./h,M = Mass of infiltrated water, kg lb,D = Inside diameter of infiltration ring, mm in.,t = time required for measured amount of water to infiltrate the surface, s, andK = 4 583 666 000 in SI units or 126 870 in inch-pound units.NOTE 7The factor K has units of (mm3s)/(kgh) (in.3s)/(lbh) a
45、nd is needed to convert the recorded data (W,D, and t) to the infiltration rate I in mm/hin./h.C1781/C1781M 15310. Report10.1 Report the following information:10.1.1 Identification number,10.1.2 Location,10.1.3 Date of test,10.1.4 Age, type and thickness of paving units (label Unknown if not known),
46、10.1.5 Include a photograph of the immediate area that was tested to document the pavement pattern and layout and aphotograph of the circumscribed chalk or temporary marking to document the placement of the ring relative to the pavementpattern and layout,10.1.6 Time elapsed during prewetting, s,10.1
47、.7 Amount of rain during last event, if known, mm in.,10.1.8 Weight of infiltrated water, kg lb,10.1.9 Inside diameter of infiltration ring, mm in.,10.1.10 Time elapsed during infiltration test, s,10.1.11 Infiltration rate, mm/h in./h, and10.1.12 Number of tests performed at each location, if applic
48、able.11. Precision and Bias4,511.1 The following precision statements are based on duplicate measurements done at 74 locations on 37 different permeableunit pavement systems with average infiltration rates ranging from 30 to 1600 in./h by two separate operators:11.1.1 The 95 % Confidence Limit (CL)
49、for single-operator repeatability (r) averages 7.7 % with a median value of 5.9 %.11.1.2 The 95 % CL for the multiple-operator reproducibility (R) averages 19.8% with a median value of 10.0%.11.2 Based on the average results of four measurements at each of two locations on 37 different permeable unit pavementsystems with average infiltration rates ranging from 30 to 1600 in./h, the difference between average results at the two locationsaverages 19.1 % with a median value of 12.2 %.11.3 Thi
