1、Designation: C1782/C1782M 16Standard Specification forUtility Segmental Concrete Paving Slabs1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1782/C1782M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisi
2、on. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers the requirements for segmentalconcrete paving slabs manufactured for construction of pedes-trian and ro
3、of applications for commercial and municipalprojects where close dimensional tolerances for thickness,and/or length and width are not required. These slabs can bemanufactured with a dry-cast, wet-cast, or hydraulicallypressed process.1.2 Concrete units covered by this specification shall bemade with
4、 lightweight or normal weight aggregates or both.NOTE 1If particular features are desired, such as weight classification,higher modulus of rupture, surface textures, finish, color, or other specialfeatures, such properties should be specified by the purchaser. Localsellers, however, should be consul
5、ted as to availability of units having thedesired features.1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningval
6、ues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:C33/C33M Specification for Concrete AggregatesC150/C150M Specification for Portland CementC207 Specification for Hydrated Lime for Masonry Pur-posesC260/C260M Specification for Air-Entra
7、ining Admixturesfor ConcreteC331/C331M Specification for Lightweight Aggregates forConcrete Masonry UnitsC494/C494M Specification for Chemical Admixtures forConcreteC595/C595M Specification for Blended Hydraulic CementsC618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or CalcinedNatural Pozzolan for Use i
8、n ConcreteC979/C979M Specification for Pigments for Integrally Col-ored ConcreteC989/C989M Specification for Slag Cement for Use inConcrete and MortarsC1157/C1157M Performance Specification for HydraulicCementC1232 Terminology of MasonryC1240 Specification for Silica Fume Used in CementitiousMixture
9、sC1645 Test Method for Freeze-thaw and De-icing SaltDurability of Solid Concrete Interlocking Paving UnitsD1056 Specification for Flexible Cellular MaterialsSponge or Expanded Rubber3. Terminology3.1 Terminology defined in C1232 shall apply for thisspecification.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to
10、This Standard:3.2.1 warpage, nthe maximum vertical deviation from astraightedge placed across the full length, width or diagonaldimension of the paving slab surface.4. Materials4.1 Cementitious Materials shall conform to the followingapplicable ASTM specifications:4.1.1 Portland CementsSpecification
11、 C150/C150M.4.1.2 Hydraulic CementsSpecification C1157/C1157M.4.1.3 Blended Hydraulic CementsSpecification C595/C595M.4.1.4 Hydrated Lime, Type SSpecification C207.4.1.5 Fly AshSpecification C618.4.1.6 Ground SlagSpecification C989/C989M.4.1.7 Silica FumeSpecification C1240.4.2 Aggregates shall conf
12、orm to the following ASTMspecifications, except that grading requirements shall notnecessarily apply:4.2.1 Normal WeightSpecification C33/C33M.4.2.2 LightweightSpecification C331/C331M.4.3 Chemical Admixtures shall conform to the followingapplicable ASTM specifications:4.3.1 Air-entraining Admixture
13、sSpecification C260/C260M.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 onManufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC15.03 on Concrete Masonry Units and Related Units.Current edition approved July 1, 2016. Published July 2016. DOI: 10.1520/C1782_C
14、1782M-16.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14.3.2 Water-reducing, Retarding, and AcceleratingAdmixturesSpecification C494/C494M.4.3.3 Pigments for Integrally Colored ConcreteSpecification C979/C979M.4.4 Other Constituents
15、Integral water repellents, fibers,and other materials for which noASTM standards exist shall bepreviously established as suitable for use in concrete or shall beshown by test or experience not to be detrimental to theconcrete paving slab.5. Physical Requirements5.1 Units shall have a finished face a
16、rea greater than 101 in.20.065 m2 and their length (L) divided by thickness (T) shallbe greater than 4. The minimum thickness shall be 1.2 in. 30mm. The maximum length and width dimensions shall be 48in. 1220 mm. See Fig. 1.5.2 Modulus of RuptureAt the time of delivery to the jobsite, the average mo
17、dulus of rupture of the test specimens shallbe 725 psi 5.0 MPa with no individual unit less than 650 psi4.5 MPa as determined in A1.3.5.3 Resistance to Freezing and ThawingIf the units areexposed to freezing and thawing during service, the manufac-turer shall satisfy the purchaser either by proven f
18、ield perfor-mance or a laboratory freezing-and-thawing test that the unitshave adequate resistance to freezing and thawing. If a labora-tory test is used, test in accordance with 7.4. Specimenssampled from units that will not be exposed to deicing salts inservice shall be tested in tap water. Specim
19、ens sampled fromunits that will be exposed to deicing materials in service shallbe tested in 3 % saline solution. The average mass loss of allthe specimens tested shall not be greater than: (a) 225 g/m2when subject to 28 freeze-thaw cycles, or (b) 500 g/m2whensubject to 49 freeze-thaw cycles. This t
20、est shall be conductednot more than 12 months prior to delivery of units.5.4 Dimensional TolerancesAt the time of delivery to thejob site, the length, width and thickness dimensions, andconcave or convex warpage measured across the full length,width and diagonal dimensions, as determined in A1.2, sh
21、allnot differ from the amounts for the specified dimensions bymore than the tolerances in Table 1. Length, width andthickness dimensions are based on manufacturers drawings forthe particular shape identified.6. Visual Inspection6.1 All units shall be sound and free of defects that wouldinterfere wit
22、h the proper placing of the units or impair thestrength or performance of the construction. Cracks or surfacechipping resulting from customary methods of manufacturingor handling in shipment and delivery shall not be deemedgrounds for rejection.7. Sampling and Testing7.1 The purchaser or the purchas
23、ers authorized representa-tive shall be accorded proper facilities to inspect and samplethe units at the place of manufacture from the lots ready fordelivery. Prior to delivery of units, the supplier and purchasershall decide on the lot size from which to sample testspecimens for resistance to freez
24、ing and thawing, modulus ofrupture, and dimensional tolerances.7.2 Sample paving slabs that are representative of the lotand label with the date of manufacture.7.3 Three units shall be checked for dimensional variationsin accordance with A1.2. Measure the length, width, andthickness for conformance
25、to manufacturers specified dimen-sions and for warpage across the full length, width anddiagonal dimensions to the nearest 0.02 in. 0.5 mm. Theseunits shall be used for modulus of rupture testing and, ifapplicable, three additional units shall be tested for resistanceto freezing and thawing as descr
26、ibed 7.4 and 7.4.1.FIG. 1 L = Length, W = Width, T = ThicknessC1782/C1782M 1627.4 Three units shall be tested for modulus of ruptureaccording to A1.3 and, when required, three units shall betested for resistance to freezing and thawing in accordance withTest Method C1645.7.4.1 If applicable, each of
27、 the three test specimens forresistance to freezing and thawing shall be cut from threeseparate units. The freeze-thaw test specimens shall have asurface area of at least 29.5 in.20.019 m2 and not exceeding101 in.20.065 m2, and have at least two edges that are uncut.8. Compliance8.1 If a sample fail
28、s to conform to the specifiedrequirements, the manufacturer shall be permitted to removepaving slabs from the shipment.Anew sample shall be selectedby the purchaser from remaining slabs from the shipment witha similar configuration and dimension and tested. If the secondsample meets the specified re
29、quirements, the remaining portionof the shipment represented by the sample meets the specifiedrequirements. If the second sample fails to meet the specifiedrequirements, the remaining portion of the shipment repre-sented by the sample fails to meet the specified requirements.NOTE 2Unless otherwise s
30、pecified in the purchase order, the cost oftests is typically borne as follows: (1) if the results of the tests show thatthe slabs do not conform to the requirements of this specification, the costis typically borne by the seller; (2) if the results of the tests show that theunits conform to the spe
31、cification requirements, the cost is typically borneby the purchaser.9. Keywords9.1 concrete; concrete paving unit; segmental concrete pav-ing slabANNEX(Mandatory Information)A1. TEST METHODS FOR PAVING SLABSA1.1 ScopeA1.1.1 This annex includes testing requirements for con-crete paving slabs manufac
32、tured for compliance with the unitspecifications in this standard.A1.2 Measurement for Dimensional AccuracyA1.2.1 Apparatus:A1.2.1.1 Measurement DevicesDevices used to measurespecimen dimensions shall have divisions not greater than 0.01in. 0.25 mm.A1.2.1.2 Measuring devices shall be readable and ac
33、curateto the division required to be reported. Accuracy shall beverified at least once annually. Verification record shall includedate of verification, person or agency performing verification,identification of reference standard used, test points usedduring verification, and readings at test points
34、.A1.2.1.3 Flat Surface, of steel or glass, at least 1 in. 25mm larger than the specimen and plane to within 0.01 in.0.025 mm.A1.2.1.4 Straightedge made of steel at least 1 in. 25 mmlonger than the specimen and straightness within 0.01 in.0.025 mm.A1.2.2 Length and Width MeasurementsLength and widthm
35、easurements shall be measured across the top and bottomsurfaces at the mid-point. Spacer bars, if applicable, shall notbe measured, but a measurement adjacent to the spacer barsmay be taken.A1.2.3 Thickness MeasurementThe thickness of thespecimen shall be taken at four points equidistant along thepe
36、rimeter. Each measurement shall be taken 0.2 in. 5 mmfrom any edge of the specimen, excluding all chamfered areas.Thickness measurements shall be measured as the distancebetween the flat surface and the top of the specimen to thenearest 0.01 in. 0.25 mm. The thickness of the product shallbe calculat
37、ed as the average of the four values.NOTE A1.1The paving unit can be measured while inverted on a flatsurface or while resting on its edge.A1.2.4 Warpage shall be measured as follows:A1.2.4.1 Concave WarpagePlace the unit with the con-cave surface to be measured facing upwards so the oppositeside is
38、 in contact with a plane surface. Place the straightedgelengthwise or diagonally along the surface to be measured,selecting the location that gives the greatest departure fromstraightness. Select the greatest distance from the unit surfaceto the straightedge. Using the measuring device, measure this
39、distance to the nearest 0.01 in. 0.25 mm, and record as thedeviation from flat as shown in Fig. A1.1.A1.2.5 Convex WarpagePlace the convex surface facingupwards so the opposite side is in contact with a plane surface,TABLE 1 Dimensional TolerancesLength and Width, in. mm Thickness, in. mm Concave or
40、 Convex Warpage in One Dimension, in.mmUnits up to and including 24 in. 610 mm Up to and including 17.75 in. 450 mm:0.04 1.0 and +0.08 2.0 0.12 3.0 0.08 2.0Units over 24 in. 610 mm Over 17.75 in. 450 mm0.06 1.5 and +0.12 3.0 0.12 3.0 0.12 3.0C1782/C1782M 163and with the corners approximately equidis
41、tant from the planesurface. Place and level the straightedge on steel blocks havingequal heights within 0.001 in. 0.025 mm. Place the straight-edge lengthwise or diagonally along the surface to bemeasured, selecting the location that gives the greatest depar-ture from the straightedge. See Fig. A1.2
42、. The straightedgeshall be above the slab surface at least 0.4 in. 10 mm andextend at least 1 in. 25 mm beyond each side of the unit whileresting on the steel blocks. Measure the vertical distance fromthe bottom of the straightedge to the unit surface at each end ofthe unit and record the greater of
43、 the two measurements.Measure the smallest vertical distance between the bottom ofthe straightedge and the unit surface. Subtract the smallestvertical distance measured from the greater of the two endmeasurements to obtain the convex warpage measurement. Allvertical measurements from the bottom of t
44、he straightedge tothe unit edge and surface shall be measured and recorded to thenearest 0.01 in. 0.25 mm.A1.3 Modulus of RuptureA1.3.1 Cure and condition test specimens as follows: cureall specimens in a moist chamber, or submerge for 28 6 1 daysas specified in A1.3.1.1. Moist curing shall be follo
45、wed by aircuring for a minimum of three to a maximum of seven days at73 6 3F 23 6 2C at a minimum 40 % relative humiditybefore start of the test procedures.A1.3.1.1 Moist curing shall be carried out in a moistchamber (cabinet or room) which shall maintain a controlledair temperature of 73 6 3F 23 6
46、2C and a relativehumidity of at least 90 %. Alternatively, the units shall bestored, submerged in a saturated lime solution which shall bemaintained at a temperature of 73 6 3F 23 6 2C.A1.3.2 The producer shall have the option to waive curingand conditioning for the modulus of rupture tests.A1.3.3 T
47、est specimens shall be full size units unless theunits do not fit in the testing machine or do not comply with theFIG. A1.1 Concave Warpage MeasurementFIG. A1.2 Convex Warpage MeasurementC1782/C1782M 164configuration requirements of A1.3.3.1. If full size units cannotbe tested, cut a rectangular spe
48、cimen from the units byreducing the width or length or both to meet all the require-ments of A1.3.3.1.A1.3.3.1 Specimens shall:(1) have a cross section about any principal axis that is arectangle;(2) have a minimum length, and width of 10 in. 250 mm.A1.3.4 Tests shall be conducted on full-size speci
49、menswhen possible in accordance with following procedure:A1.3.4.1 Each specimen shall span two steel supportingrollers each 1.5 6 0.12 in. 38 6 3 mm in diameter. See Fig.A1.3. The span length (spacing of the rollers) shall be:(1) 8 in. 200 mm for units having a maximum length of12 in. 300 mm,(2) 10 in. 250 mm for units having a length between 12in. 300 mm and 20 in. 500 mm,(3) 12 in. 300 mm for units having a length of greaterthan 20 in. 500 mm.A1.3.
