1、Designation: C179 11Standard Test Method forDrying and Firing Linear Change of Refractory Plastic andRamming Mix Specimens1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C179; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, th
2、e year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the dryingshrinkage and of the combined drying and linear chang
3、e ofrefractory ramming mixes and plastics.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to addre
4、ss all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C113 Test Metho
5、d for Reheat Change of Refractory BrickC134 Test Methods for Size, Dimensional Measurements,and Bulk Density of Refractory Brick and InsulatingFirebrickC181 Test Method for Workability Index of Fireclay andHigh-Alumina Refractory PlasticsC1054 Practice for Pressing and Drying Refractory Plasticand R
6、amming Mix Specimens3. Significance and Use3.1 This test method is useful in quantitatively rating orranking both ramming and refractory plastics by their linearstability after heating.3.2 This test method is also useful for determining whethera ramming or refractory plastic can be used in a specifi
7、edapplication based on linear change criteria.3.3 This test method excludes basic and carbon bearingmaterials.3.4 This test method can produce data for the engineeringand design of refractory installations. The linear change datacan be used to determine the number of joints necessary tomaintain inte
8、grity of ramming or refractory plastic in a largeinstallation.4. Apparatus4.1 Kiln, electric or gas type, of such design that the flame,as coming directly from the burner, cannot impinge upon thetest specimens.4.2 Measuring Device, capable of being read to 0.02-in.(0.5-mm).Ahooked rule, 12 in. (305
9、mm), is convenient to useand a suitable type is described in Test Methods C134. Othermeasuring devices, such as calipers or dial gages, of the sameor better precision may also be used.5. Test Specimens5.1 Number of SpecimensA minimum of six specimensmolded from the sample (see Note 1) of refractory
10、plastic willbe required. Half of the specimens shall be used for the test andthe other half used as supporting pieces during the kiln heattreatment.NOTE 1For pressing and drying the specimens see Practice C1054.5.2 Measurement of SpecimensUsing the measuring de-vice, measure the bar for all dimensio
11、ns to the nearest 0.02-in.(0.5-mm). Label and make reference marks to indicate theexact length measurement points. Caution should be taken asdeformation of the specimens may be caused by handling.5.3 Drying of SpecimensDry specimens should be driedas stated in Practice C1054, 6.6.5.4 Measuring Dried
12、 SpecimensMeasure specimens asstated in 5.2.6. Procedure6.1 Placing Specimens in KilnPlace the dried specimensin the kiln in accordance with Test Method C113, with theexception that the supporting brick shall consist of the threerefractory plastic brick prepared for that purpose.6.2 Temperature Meas
13、urementsConduct temperaturemeasurements in accordance with Test Method C113.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 onRefractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.09 on Monolith-ics.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2011. Published November 2011. Origina
14、llyapproved in 1943. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as C179 09. DOI:10.1520/C0179-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document
15、Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.6.3 Test AtmosphereAt all temperatures above 1470F(800C), operate the kiln so that the atmosphere shall containa minimum of 0.5 % oxygen with 0 % combust
16、ibles.6.4 Test Temperature ScheduleOperate the kiln so as toconform to the appropriate heating schedule for the class ofrefractory being tested, as specified in Table 1 of Test MethodC113.6.5 Measuring Fired SpecimensAfter completion of theheating schedule, cool the specimens in the closed kiln to u
17、nder800F (425C) before removing to the air. After cooling toroom temperature, remeasure them in accordance with 5.2.Record the fired length of each of the three test specimens.7. Calculation and Report7.1 Drying Linear ChangeCalculate the drying linearchange as a percentage based on the original len
18、gth of thespecimen as measured in 5.2. Calculate using Eq 1:DLC 5 LD LO!/LO! 3 100 (1)where:DLC = Drying Linear Change, %LD= dried length, in. (mm)LO= original length, in. (mm)A negative value indicates shrinkage and a positive value,growth or expansion of the specimen. Report the average valuefor t
19、he three specimens to the nearest 0.1 %.7.2 Combined Linear Change Due to Drying and FiringCalculate the combined drying and firing linear change as apercentage based on the original length of the specimen asmeasured in 5.2. Calculate using Eq 2:FLC 5 LF LO!/LO! 3 100 (2)where:FLC = Combined Drying
20、and Firing Linear Change, %LF= fired length, in. (mm)LO= original length, in. (mm)A negative value indicates shrinkage and a positive value,growth or expansion of the specimen. Report the average valuefor the three specimens to the nearest 0.1 %.7.3 The report shall include the following:7.3.1 Worka
21、bility of the refractory plastic determined inaccordance with Test Method C181.7.3.2 Firing temperature used or heating schedule fromTable 1 of Test Method C113.8. Precision and Bias8.1 Precision and bias statements for linear change due todrying and firing are being developed.9. Keywords9.1 linear
22、change; plastic; ramming mix; refractory;shrinkageASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent right
23、s, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for r
24、evision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing y
25、ou shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).C179 112
