1、Designation: C1799/C1799M 14Standard Guide toDimension Stone Test Specimen Sampling and Preparation1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1799/C1799M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONDimension stones are products of nature, and as such, are subject to the variability andunpredictability that is associated
3、 with all products harvested in nature. Testing of dimension stonesto generate reliable data on which engineering decisions can be based has been a standard procedurein the industry for decades. The reliability of the data produced is largely influenced by the care andprotocol used in obtaining and
4、preparing the stone test specimens.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers sampling, selection, preparation, andconditioning of specimens that will be used to test materialproperties of dimension stone.1.2 This guide sets forth basic recommendations for sam-pling and preparation of dimension stone test specim
5、ens andprovides information regarding variables that should be con-sidered.1.3 This guide is intended to be used by architects,engineers, contractors and material suppliers who design,select, specify, install, purchase, fabricate, finish, or test naturalstone products for construction applications.1
6、.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith t
7、he standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.
8、Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:C97 Test Methods for Absorption and Bulk Specific Gravityof Dimension StoneC99 Test Method for Modulus of Rupture of DimensionStoneC119 Terminology Relating to Dimension StoneC120 Test Methods of Flexure Testing of Slate (BreakingLoad, Modulus of Rupture, Modul
9、us of Elasticity)C121 Test Method for Water Absorption of SlateC170 Test Method for Compressive Strength of DimensionStoneC217 Test Method for Weather Resistance of SlateC241 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Stone Sub-jected to Foot TrafficC880 Test Method for Flexural Strength of Dimension St
10、oneC1352 Test Method for Flexural Modulus of Elasticity ofDimension StoneC1353 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of DimensionStone Subjected to Foot Traffic Using a Rotary Platform,Double-Head Abraser3. Terminology3.1 Refer to Terminology C119.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 samplea small part or quantity o
11、f stone, usually aslab, panel, or ashlar, that is cut from a larger block of stone.3.2.2 specifying authorityparty requiring testing of di-mension stone material.3.2.3 specimenan individual piece of stone that is cutfrom a sample to be used for physical or mechanical testing.4. Significance and Use4
12、.1 The purpose of testing dimension stone is to quantify thevarious material properties of the stone. The test shouldconsistently predict performance of the stone in a specificapplication. Many of the test methods that have been devel-oped are specific and attempt to approximate the anticipatedbehav
13、ior of the stone in the manner that is intended to be used,1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C18 onDimension Stone and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C18.08 onSelection of Dimension Stone.Current edition approved May 1, 2014. Published June 2014. DOI: 10.152
14、0/C1799_C1799M-14.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1such as flexural strength, compressive strength, and anchorstrength. Other test methods provide general information aboutthe stone, such as absorption and density. Test
15、 data provides thedesigner with information required to produce rational designsand assess if the stone will perform adequately for its intendeduse.5. Selection Considerations5.1 Natural stone test specimen selection is complicated bythe anisotropic structure of most dimension stone. The term“rift”
16、is used to describe the direction along which a dimensionstone is most easily split. In some stone species, specifically thesedimentary stones such as limestone, sandstone and travertine,the rift direction and associated behavior can be pronounced,and is typically coincident with the natural bedding
17、 planesvisible in the stone deposit.5.2 Within the stone quarry, the in-situ orientation of thesebedding planes may follow horizontal, mountain slope, orrandom directional trends. In other stone species of metamor-phic or igneous origin, the presence of rift and, therefore, theanisotropy of the ston
18、e, tends to be milder. Exceptions to thisrule are common, and stones of any formation type can beextremely anisotropic to nearly isotropic in both visual andmechanical properties.5.3 Historically, all stones were considered to have a weakand a strong direction relative to their rift or bedding plane
19、direction, or both. Commercially, the terms “fleuri” and “vein”are used to describe slabs that are cut parallel or perpendicular,respectively, to the bedding planes (Fig. 1). Test procedureswere written to address this directional specificity and requiredtest specimens to be cut for parallel loading
20、 or perpendicularloading, relative to the rift of the stone. Specific to bendingstrength specimens, a perpendicularly loaded test specimen isone that has the rift planes roughly parallel to the largest faceof the sample, while a parallel loaded test specimen is one thathas the rift planes roughly pa
21、rallel to the end planes of the testspecimen (see Fig. 2). Generally, a stone will demonstrate itsgreatest strength in a perpendicularly loaded test specimen andits lowest strength in a parallel loaded test specimen. It may bepossible to identify a third orientation, but since its strengthwould logi
22、cally fall between the true parallel and true perpen-dicular orientations, it is not normally sampled.5.4 The historic sampling procedures are obtainable whenthe fabricator of the stone has access to cubic blocks of thematerial. Slabs must be cut from two perpendicular faces of theblock to establish
23、 the proper rift plane orientation in the testspecimens. Two practical problems exist with this practice.5.4.1 For visual or aesthetic reasons, or both, many differenttypes of stone are only sawn in one direction. If the slabs areonly to be supplied in one direction relative to the rift, thentesting
24、 in the other direction may produce data of no practicalvalue and simply add unnecessary expense to the project.5.4.2 Many materials are imported in slab form only, inwhich case the fabricator does not have access to cubic formquarry blocks from which the correct orientations can beobtained.5.4.2.1
25、In such cases, the common practice is to prepare thetest specimens from the slabs as provided from the fabricator,rotating the primary axis of the test specimen 90 degrees in thelayout of the slabs so half of the test specimens are in anorthogonal relationship to the other half of the test specimens
26、(Fig. 3).5.4.2.2 Such specimens should not be referenced as “paral-lel” and “perpendicular” because they are not of true paralleland perpendicular rift orientation. The correct nomenclature todescribe this sampling protocol would be “North-South” and“East-West”, or “Major Axis” and “Minor Axis” spec
27、imens.5.4.2.3 For slabs that are exclusively vein cut, flexuralstrength testing may produce results that demonstrate the effectof directionality on specimens oriented orthogonally to eachother.6. Sampling6.1 Samples should be selected to represent a true averageof the grade of stone under considerat
28、ion and of the qualitysupplied to the market under the type designation to be tested.The sample may be selected by the purchaser or his authorizedrepresentative from the quarried stone or taken from the naturalledge. Samples should be of adequate size to permit prepara-tion of the desired number of
29、test specimens. Samples takenFIG. 1 Fleuri and Vein Cut SlabsC1799/C1799M 142from a single slab should be discouraged. When perceptiblevariations occur, the purchaser may select as many samples asare necessary to determine the variation in the property to betested.7. Specimen Preparation7.1 Unless n
30、oted otherwise by the test standard, eachspecimen should be sawn from a sample.7.2 The sides of the specimen should be at right angles withrespect to the top and bottom surfaces.7.3 The planes of the specimen perpendicular to the loadshould have a fine abrasive finish and the sides of the specimensh
31、ould have sawn finishes. Unless noted otherwise by the teststandard, rough surfaces perpendicular to the load should belapped with a No. 80 abrasive.7.4 The load-bearing surfaces and the direction of bedding(or rift) should be marked on each specimen after preparation.8. Conditioning8.1 Conditioning
32、 of test specimens is standardized through-out the dimension stone test standards. As is the case withdirectionality, performing tests on specimens in both the wetand dry condition will establish an expected performance rangefor each tested property.8.1.1 Based on anticipated service conditions, per
33、formingtests on specimens for both wet and dry conditions may not benecessary. The specifying authority should establish appropri-ate test specimen conditioning requirements.8.1.2 For applications where it is unnecessary to establishthe expected performance range, specimens may be tested “asreceived
34、” without conditioning. Results obtained without con-ditioning test specimens should be identified as “uncondi-tioned” when reporting test results.8.2 Dry ConditionBefore testing the specimens in a drycondition, dry them for 48 h at 60 6 2C 140 6 4F. At theFIG. 2 True Parallel and Perpendicular Rift
35、 OrientationFIG. 3 Orthogonal Layout of Test SpecimensC1799/C1799M 14346th, 47th, and 48th hour, weigh the specimens to ensure thatthe weight is the same. If the weight continues to drop,continue to dry the specimens until there are three successivehourly readings with the same weight. After removin
36、g thespecimens from the oven, cool them to room temperature in adesiccator prior to testing.8.3 Wet ConditionBefore testing the specimens in a wetcondition, immerse them in water for 48 h at 22 6 2C 72 64F. Test immediately upon removal from the bath, wiping thespecimens free of surface water.9. Tes
37、t Specimens9.1 To establish material properties for the purposes ofstructural design or analysis, a minimum of five specimensshould be tested for each condition (wet and dry) and eachdirection (parallel and perpendicular to the rift, or north-southand east-west with respect to the loading plane) of
38、the test. Theaverage value of the test results for each condition anddirection is reported.9.1.1 The specifying authority should evaluate and deter-mine if additional specimens for each condition and eachdirection are necessary to establish material properties to beused as the basis for structural d
39、esign.9.2 The requirements for designing and supplying materialfor low-rise buildings are generally less complex than therequirements for a mid-rise or high-rise building. On largeprojects, production testing should be performed to verify thatthe material supplied throughout the project meets or exc
40、eedsthe material properties upon which the design is based.9.2.1 For projects where less than 10 000 ft2900 m2ofmaterial is required, test data obtained from a single block, orresults from testing within the previous three years submittedby the stone supplier, may be sufficient.9.2.2 For projects wh
41、ere more than 10 000 ft2900 m2ofmaterial is required, one additional block per every 10 000 ft2900 m2 that is quarried to supply material for the projectshould be tested. The number of specimens tested for eachblock should conform to the guidelines of Section 9.1.9.2.2.1 Block sizes, panel thickness
42、es, and therefore, mate-rial yields, will vary among dimension stone types,manufacturers, and quarries. Variability within the stone andvariability of past test data may warrant modifying productiontesting requirements.9.2.2.2 Production testing should be performed on projectswhere there is very lit
43、tle performance history or previous testdata are unavailable. Materials without exemplars require anextensive testing program in an attempt to establish perfor-mance reliability.9.2.2.3 Production testing may be unnecessary for proposedsystems that have stone materials in thickness, modules, panelsi
44、zes, anchors, and backups very similar to well-performingexemplars in the same climate.9.2.3 The stone supplier or quarry representative should beconsulted to determine the number of blocks required to supplya sufficient amount of material for the project. Based on thenumber of anticipated blocks, t
45、he number of required testspecimens can be determined from the number of test methodsspecified for each project.9.3 In some instances, material for fabricating test speci-mens may not be available in dimensions that conform to therequirements of the test methods used to determine whether aparticular
46、 stone complies with the strength properties(compressive, flexural, modulus of rupture) prescribed in amaterial specification. This is often the case for thin stone tilematerial where representative thicker samples are not avail-able.9.3.1 Performing tests on specimens that are significantlysmaller
47、than the prescribed dimensions is likely to produceresults that are significantly higher in variability than would beobtained when following each standard test method. When thearea of the test specimen is small, extremely high or lowindividual test values may be obtained due to sampling verysmall we
48、ak or strong areas of stone.9.3.2 Small imperfections in fabrication of the specimens,(that is, surface flatness and out-of square) will have a muchgreater reducing effect on the strength of the specimen than ifthe specimen were standard size. Therefore, testing reducedsized specimens, based on the
49、number of test specimensprescribed in the test standards, is very likely to yield inaccu-rate results, the degree to which is dependent on specimenfabrication quality and stone variability. Even testing a largenumber of specimens may not be sufficient to overcome theseinherent problems from testing small specimens.9.3.3 Judgments made on the applicability and results oftesting reduced-sized specimens should be made by a personwith significant experience in testing and evaluating dimensionstone.10. Report10.1 The requirements for reporting test results are providedwi
