1、Designation: C1818 15Standard Specification forSynthetic Fiber Reinforced Concrete Culvert, Storm Drain,and Sewer Pipe1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1818; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the y
2、ear of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers synthetic fiber reinforced con-crete pipe (Syn-FRCP) of internal diameters 12-48 in.,
3、 in-tended to be used for the conveyance of sewage, industrialwastes, and storm water and for the construction of culverts.NOTE 1Experience has shown that the successful performance of thisproduct depends upon the proper selection of the pipe strength, the type ofbedding and backfill, the care that
4、the installation conforms to theconstruction specifications, and provision for adequate inspection at theconstruction site. This specification does not include requirements forbedding, backfill, the relationship between field load conditions and thestrength designation of pipe, or durability under u
5、nusual environmentalconditions. These requirements should be included in the project specifi-cation.NOTE 2This product is a rigid pipe and it does not depend upondeflection (pipe stiffness) for additional support from the soil.NOTE 3This standard requires long-term testing of Syn-FRCP inaccordance w
6、ith Section 9 that goes above and beyond what is typicallyrequired for steel reinforced concrete pipe, in order to evaluate thelong-term material strength of the fiber-concrete matrix.1.2 UnitsThe values stated in inch-pound units are to beregarded as standard. The values given in parentheses aremat
7、hematical conversions to SI units that are provided forinformation only and are not considered standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C33/C33M Specification for Concrete AggregatesC150/C150M Specification for Portland CementC260/C260M Specification for Air-Entraining Admixturesfor Concr
8、eteC309 Specification for Liquid Membrane-Forming Com-pounds for Curing ConcreteC494/C494M Specification for Chemical Admixtures forConcreteC497 Test Methods for Concrete Pipe, Manhole Sections, orTileC595/C595M Specification for Blended Hydraulic CementsC618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw o
9、r CalcinedNatural Pozzolan for Use in ConcreteC822 Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe and RelatedProductsC989/C989M Specification for Slag Cement for Use inConcrete and MortarsC1017/C1017M Specification for Chemical Admixtures forUse in Producing Flowing ConcreteC1116/C1116M Specification for Fib
10、er-Reinforced ConcreteD7508/D7508M Specification for Polyolefin ChoppedStrands for Use in ConcreteE105 Practice for Probability Sampling of Materials3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms relating to concretepipe not defined in this standard, see Terminology C822.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1
11、 DReloadthe DServiceload divided by the long-termserviceability factor as determined in accordance withSection 9.3.2.2 DServicethe D-Load the pipe is required to sustainwhile in service.3.2.3 DUltthe load the pipe is required to support in thethree-edge bearing test expressed as a D-load.3.2.4 long-
12、term serviceability factor to account for pos-sible creep in the pipe over time (unitless).4. Classification4.1 Pipe furnished under this specification shall be desig-nated as Class I, II, III, IV, or V. The corresponding strengthrequirements are prescribed in Table 1. Special designs for pipestreng
13、ths not designated in Table 1 are permitted provided allother requirements of this specification are met.5. Basis of Acceptance5.1 The acceptability of the pipe design shall be in accor-dance with Section 10.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 onConcrete Pipe and is the
14、 direct responsibility of Subcommittee C13.02 onReinforced Sewer and Culvert Pipe.Current edition approved Oct. 15, 2015. Published December 2015. DOI:10.1520/C1818-15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual
15、 Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States15.2 Unless designated by the owner at the time of, or beforeplacing an order, t
16、he pipe shall be accepted on the basis ofSections 11, 12, and such material tests as are required in 7.2,7.3, and 7.5.5.3 Age for AcceptancePipe shall be considered ready foracceptance when they conform to the requirements of thisspecification.6. Design and Manufacturing Data6.1 The manufacturer sha
17、ll provide the following informa-tion regarding the pipe unless waived by the owner:6.1.1 Pipe design strength (DService).6.1.2 Physical CharacteristicsDiameter, wall thickness,laying length, and joint details.6.1.3 Synthetic Fiber Concrete Compressive StrengthMinimum synthetic fiber concrete compre
18、ssive strength equalto 4,000 psi.6.1.4 Admixtures.6.1.5 Reinforcement:6.1.5.1 Type of reinforcement, applicable reinforcementspecification, and grade.6.1.5.2 Amount of fiber used in pounds per cubic yard.6.1.6 Manufacturing and curing process.7. Materials and Manufacture7.1 Materials:7.1.1 Synthetic
19、 Fiber Reinforced ConcreteThe syntheticfiber reinforced concrete shall consist of cementitiousmaterials, mineral aggregates, admixtures, and water, in whichsynthetic fibers have been mixed in such a manner that thefibers and concrete act together to resist stresses.7.2 Cementitious Materials:7.2.1 C
20、ementCement shall conform to the requirementsfor portland cement of Specification C150/C150M or shall beportland blast-furnace slag cement, or portland-pozzolan ce-ment conforming to the requirements of Specification C595/C595M, except that the pozzolan constituent in the portland-pozzolan cement sh
21、all be fly ash.7.2.2 Fly AshFly ash shall conform to the requirements ofClass F or Class C of Specification C618.7.2.3 Slag Cementslag cement shall conform to the re-quirements of Grade 100 or 120 of Specification C989/C989M.7.2.4 Allowable Combinations of Cementitious MaterialsThe combination of ce
22、mentitious materials used in the cementshall be one of the following:7.2.4.1 Portland cement only,7.2.4.2 Portland blast furnace slag cement only,7.2.4.3 Portland pozzolan cement only,7.2.4.4 A combination of portland cement and fly ash,7.2.4.5 A combination of portland cement and slag cement,7.2.4.
23、6 A combination of portland cement, slag cement, andfly ash,7.2.4.7 A combination of portland-pozzolan cement andslag cement, and7.2.4.8 Acombination of portland blast-furnace slag cementand fly ash,7.3 AggregatesAggregates shall conform to the require-ments of Specification C33/C33M, except that th
24、e requirementfor gradation shall not apply.7.4 AdmixturesThe following admixtures and blends areallowable:7.4.1 Air-entraining admixture conforming to SpecificationC260/C260M;7.4.2 Chemical admixture conforming to SpecificationC494/C494M;7.4.3 Chemical admixture for use in producing flowingconcrete
25、conforming to Specification C1017/C1017M; and7.4.4 Chemical admixture or blend approved by the owner.7.5 Synthetic Fiber ReinforcementReinforcement shallconsist of synthetic fibers conforming to Specifications C1116/C1116M and D7508/D7508M.7.6 Manufacture:7.6.1 MixtureThe aggregates shall be sized,
26、graded,proportioned, and mixed with such proportions of cementitiousmaterials, synthetic fibers, admixtures, and water as willproduce a thoroughly mixed synthetic fiber concrete of suchquality that the pipe will conform to the test and designrequirements of this specification. All concrete shall hav
27、e awater-cementitious materials ratio not exceeding 0.53 byweight. Cementitious materials shall be as specified in 7.2.7.6.2 CuringPipe shall be subjected to any one of themethods of curing described in 7.6.2.1 to 7.6.2.4 or to any othermethod or combination of methods approved by the owner, thatwil
28、l give satisfactory results. The pipe shall be cured for asufficient length of time so that the specified D-load is obtainedwhen tested in accordance with 11.1 to 11.4, and so that theconcrete will develop the specified compressive strength at thetime of delivery when tested in accordance with 11.8
29、to 11.10.7.6.2.1 Steam CuringPipe may be placed in a curingchamber, free of outside drafts, and cured in a moist atmo-sphere maintained by the injection of steam for such time andsuch temperature as may be needed to enable the pipe to meetthe strength requirements. The curing chamber shall be socons
30、tructed as to allow full circulation of steam around theentire pipe.7.6.2.2 Water CuringConcrete pipe may be water-curedby covering with water saturated material or by a system ofTABLE 1 Strength RequirementsPipe Class DService(lb/linear foot/foot of diameter)DUlt(lb/linear foot/foot of diameter)DRe
31、load(lb/linear foot/foot of diameter)I 800 1200 DService/where: = long-term serviceability factor asdetermined per Section 9 of thisstandardII 1000 1500III 1350 2025IV 2000 3000V 3000 4500C1818 152perforated pipes, mechanical sprinklers, porous hose, or by anyother approved method that will keep the
32、 pipe moist during thespecified curing period.7.6.2.3 The manufacturer may, at his option, combine themethods described in 7.6.2.1 to 7.6.2.4 provided the requiredconcrete compressive strength is obtained.7.6.2.4 Asealing membrane conforming to the requirementsof Specification C309 may be applied an
33、d should be left intactuntil the required strength requirements are met. The concreteat the time of application shall be within 10F of the atmo-spheric temperature. All surfaces shall be kept moist prior tothe application of the compounds and shall be damp when thecompound is applied.7.6.3 Reinforce
34、mentSynthetic reinforcing fibers shall bethoroughly mixed throughout the concrete amalgam. No re-striction is placed on the combination or proportion of syn-thetic fibers in the finished product, except that pipes manu-factured using these materials and mixture shall comply withthe performance requi
35、rements of this standard.7.6.4 JointsThe joints shall be of such design and the endsof the concrete pipe sections so formed that when the sectionsare laid together they will make a continuous line of pipe witha smooth interior free of appreciable irregularities in the flowline, all compatible with t
36、he permissible variations given inSection 12.8. Pipe Design8.1 DesignThe wall thickness, compressive strength ofthe concrete, and amount of synthetic fibers in pounds percubic yard shall be sufficient to pass the DUltand DReloadrequirements in Table 1.8.2 Special Classes:8.2.1 If permitted by the ow
37、ner, the manufacturer mayrequest approval by the owner of a special class of pipe havingDServicevalues that differ from those shown in Table 1.8.2.2 Such special classes of pipe shall be based on the samedesign/testing requirements as required for those classes foundin Table 1.9. Synthetic Fiber-Con
38、crete Matrix Qualification Testing9.1 The long-term serviceability factor , pertaining to theextrapolated 100 year strength of the concrete-fiber matrix,shall be established in accordance with 9.7.9.2 When tested in accordance with 9.7, the average long-term serviceability factor shall be 0.9 or hig
39、her, with no singletest value less than 0.8.9.3 The long-term serviceability testing shall be performedby an independent third-party laboratory.9.4 The testing shall be performed on a pipe with aminimum internal diameter of 24 in., with a wall thickness ininches equal to or greater than ID/12 +1, wh
40、ere ID is theinternal diameter measured in inches.NOTE 4Research has been performed on pipe sizes of 24, 36, and 48in., with different pipe classes and has shown consistent results for regardless of pipe size or class.9.5 The sustained load for long-term serviceability testingshall be DService.9.6 T
41、he resulting long-term serviceability factor , shall beappropriate for all pipe sizes and strengths manufactured withthe same concrete mix and fibers utilized in the testing.9.7 Fiber-Concrete Qualification Testing:9.7.1 The standard testing temperature shall be 73.4 63.6F (23 6 2C).9.7.2 Pipe shall
42、 be tested in the three-edge bearing test loadto its ultimate strength in accordance with Test Method C497without collapse of the pipe.9.7.3 The three-edge bearing load shall be completelyremoved from the pipe.9.7.4 The pipe shall then be reloaded to a minimum D-loadof DServicein a loading frame cap
43、able of applying and main-taining a three-edge bearing load perpendicular to the pipe axisthroughout the test period, despite any change in the verticaldiameter of the test specimen. The system shall be capable ofapplying and maintaining the load to 62 % of the test load.9.7.5 Load Application Syste
44、msThe test loads may beapplied by hydraulic means or by springs or may be applied bythe use of dead weights.9.7.5.1 Hydraulic LoadingThe use of a hydraulic loadingsystem allows several specimens to be loaded simultaneouslythrough a central hydraulic pressure regulating unit. Such aunit typically con
45、sists of an accumulator, a regulator, a cali-brated pressure gauge, and a source of high-pressure, such as acylinder of nitrogen or a high-pressure pump system.9.7.5.2 Dead Weight LoadingThe apparatus consists of arigid beam placed parallel to the floor, a rigid work-arm tointroduce the load with a
46、ring on one end to attach weights, arigid beam parallel to the floor, rigid support beams, and a dropprotection for the weights.9.7.6 The initial vertical dimension of the pipe shall bemeasured immediately upon applying the load. The deviceused for taking measurements shall have an accuracy of60.002
47、 in.9.7.7 Subsequent measurements of the vertical dimension ofthe pipe shall be recorded at the increments found in Table 2.9.7.8 Recording of measurements may cease anytime after100 hours provided the difference between the last measure-ment and the one preceding it is less than 0.5 %. However, the
48、load shall remain on the pipe for at least 10,000 hours to testagainst brittle failure.9.7.9 At no point during the testing shall any crack on theinterior or exterior of the pipe wall exceed 0.125 in. for a lengthof 1 ft or greater. Crack widths greater than 0.125 in. aredeemed a failure of the pipe
49、 in this test.NOTE 5As used in this specification, the 0.125 in. crack is a testcriterion for pipe tested in the three-edge-bearing test and is not anindication of failed pipe under installed conditions.TABLE 2Hours Measurements taken at Least0 to 20 Every 1 hour20 to 40 Every 2 hours40 to 60 Every 4 hours60 to 100 Every 8 hours100 to 600 Every 24 6 hours600 to 6000 Every 48 10 hoursAfter 6000 Every weekC1818 1539.7.10 Provided the pipe does not fail within 10,000 hours,the long-term serviceability factor may be established on thebasis
