1、Designation: C 182 88 (Reapproved 2009)Standard Test Method forThermal Conductivity of Insulating Firebrick1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 182; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、 revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method supplements Test Method C 201, andshall be used in conjunction with that test method to determinethe ther
3、mal conductivity of insulating firebrick.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to addres
4、s all of thesafety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 155 Classifica
5、tion of Insulating FirebrickC 201 Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of Refracto-riesE 220 Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples ByComparison Techniques3. Significance and Use3.1 The thermal conductivity of insulating firebrick (IFB) isa property required for the selection of IFB for a spec
6、ificthermal performance. Users select brick to provide a specifiedheat-loss and cold-face temperature without exceeding thetemperature limitation of the brick. This test method estab-lishes placement of thermocouples and the positioning of testsamples in the calorimeter. This test method must be use
7、d withTest Method C 201.4. Apparatus4.1 The apparatus shall consist of that described in theApparatus section of Test Method C 201 with the addition ofthermocouples, drilling jig, and refractory fiber paper asdescribed in Sections 6 and 7.5. Test Sample5.1 The test sample shall be selected and prepa
8、red asdescribed in the Test Sample and Preparation section of TestMethod C 201.6. Installation of Thermocouples in Test Specimen6.1 ThermocouplesCalibrated3thermocouples shall beembedded in the test specimen at three points for measuring thetemperature. Chromel-Alumel thermocouples shall be used for
9、temperatures below 1400F (760C), and above that tempera-ture platinum-10 % rhodium/platinum thermocouples shall beused. The platinum thermocouples may also be used at thelower temperatures, but the electromotive force (emf) will notbe as high as when using base-metal thermocouples. Wire ofAWG 28 (0.
10、320 mm) shall be used for making either type ofthermocouple.6.2 Installation of Thermocouples Holes for the thermo-couple wires shall be drilled through the 412-in. (114-mm)dimension of the test specimen by the use of a drilling jig so asto obtain accurate placement of the thermocouples. The threeth
11、ermocouples shall be located so that the hot junction of thefirst couple is 0.20 in. (5.1 mm) below the hot face of the testspecimen, the junction of the second at the midpoint, and thejunction of the third 0.20 in. above the cold face. Thethermocouple wires leading out from the hot junctions shall
12、belocated in planes parallel to the calorimeter surface. In order tohave the hot junctions over the center of the calorimeter, theyshall be located on an axis passing through the center of and atright angles to the 9 by 412-in. (228 by 114-mm) area of the testspecimen.NOTE 1Insulating firebrick that
13、 cannot be prepared to this precisionbecause of the structure of the product, should be prepared in accordancewith the instructions for fireclay dense refractories.7. Set-Up of Test Sample and Silicon Carbide Slab7.1 Two strips of refractory fiber paper 1312 by12 by 0.02in. (343 by 13 by 0.5 mm) sha
14、ll be placed along the 1312-in.dimension of the inner guard at the outside edges, as shown inFig. 1. Twelve strips of refractory fiber paper 2 by12 by 0.021This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 onRefractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.02 on Therm
15、alProperties.Current edition approved March 1, 2009. Published April 2009. Originallyapproved in 1943. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as C 182 88 (2004).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book o
16、f ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Method E 220 specifies calibration procedures for thermocouples.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.in. (51 by 13 by 0.5
17、 mm) shall be placed on the outer guard atintervals in the pattern shown in Fig. 1. These strips serve asspacers to prevent contact between the test material and thecalorimeter assembly. The test specimen shall be placedcentrally over the center of the calorimeter section on its 9 by412-in. (228 by
18、114-mm) face, the guard brick placed at thesides of the test specimen so as to completely cover thecalorimeter and inner guard area, and the soap brick placedaround the edge of the three brick so as to completely cover thecalorimeter assembly. The small space between the furnacewalls and the test br
19、ick assembly shall be filled with agranulated insulating firebrick.7.2 When testing Group 28, 30, 32, or 33 insulating fire-brick, it may be desirable to obtain test results at higher meantemperatures than is possible with the sample set-up describedin 7.1. This can be accomplished by placing a 0.5-
20、in. (13-mm)thick layer of ceramic fiber-block insulation or 0.5 in. of Group20 insulating firebrick between the calorimeter area and the testsample. Sufficient material is required to cover an area 18 by1312 in. (456 by 342 mm). The solid sheet of back-upinsulation shall be ground so as to provide s
21、urfaces that areplane and do not vary from parallel by more than 60.01 in.(0.3 mm). This shall be placed on the refractory fiber stripsdescribed in 7.1. Additional refractory fiber strips, in anidentical pattern, shall be placed on top of the ceramic fiberboard. The test specimen and guard brick sha
22、ll then be placedas described in 7.1.7.3 The silicon carbide slab shall be placed over the 9 by1312-in. (228 by 342-mm) area of the three 9-in. sample brick,and it shall be spaced 1 in. (25 mm) above the sample byplacing under each corner of the slab rectangular pieces ofGroup 30 or 32 (see Classifi
23、cation C 155) insulating firebrickcut to measure38 in. (10 mm) square and 1.00 in. (25.4 mm)in length.8. Procedure8.1 Place the heating chamber in position, start the waterflowing through the calorimeter assembly, and supply thecurrent to the heating unit. Above a temperature of 1470F(800C), the fur
24、nace atmosphere shall contain a minimum of0.5 % oxygen with zero % combustibles. Take the atmospheresample from the furnace chamber proper, preferably as near thetest specimen as possible. Maintain the rate of water flowthrough the calorimeter between 120 and 200 g/min, anddetermine by weighing the
25、quantity of water collected during ameasured time period. The mass of water collected shall be notless than 200 g and shall be weighed to an accuracy of 60.5 g.The rate of flow shall be constant within6 1 % during the testperiod.8.2 Allow the furnace to reach a condition of steady state ofheat flow
26、(test period), which shall be that condition when themeasured flow of heat into the calorimeter varies less than 2 %over a 2-h period, during which time the temperature differencebetween the calorimeter and inner guard has not been morethan 0.05F (0.03C), the hot face of the test specimen has notvar
27、ied more than 65F (63C), and the temperature of thewater entering the calorimeter has not varied at a rate of morethan 1F (0.5C)/h (Note 2). Usually, 12 h or more are neededto obtain a balance with the apparatus after a definite change ismade in the hot-face temperature.NOTE 2Significant errors will
28、 result if the tolerances specified areexceeded.8.3 After the steady state of heat flow has been reached,measure the temperature of the test specimen, the rate of waterflow through the calorimeter, and the temperature rise of thewater flowing through the calorimeter. Take at least four sets ofreadin
29、gs (Note 3) at approximately 30-min intervals during the2-h holding period, and average these for the final values forthat particular heating chamber temperature. Obtain such datawhen the heating chamber is maintained at the temperaturesrecommended in Table 1. Temperatures other than those givenin t
30、he table may be used to obtain additional information.NOTE 3From these data a preliminary thermal conductivity calcula-tion may be made, using estimated distances between thermocouplejunctions in the test specimen.8.4 At the conclusion of the test, remove the specimen andcut it in two, close to the
31、thermocouple junctions. Then grindthe specimen to expose the hot junctions, and measure thedistance between their center lines to the nearest 0.01 in. (0.3mm). If upon being cut in two the test specimen showsabnormal internal voids or cracks, state this fact in the report,as the results will not be
32、representative of the material.9. Record of Test Data, Calculations, and Report9.1 The record of test data, the calculations, and the reportshall be made in accordance with the Record of Test Data,Calculation, and Report sections of Test Method C 201.FIG. 1 Arrangement of Refractory Fiber-Paper Stri
33、ps inCalorimeter AssemblageC 182 88 (2009)210. Precision and Bias10.1 Refer to Test Method C 201 for a statement of preci-sion and bias.11. Keywords11.1 calorimeter; insulating firebrick; refractories; thermalconductivityASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent righ
34、ts asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any
35、time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments wil
36、l receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by AST
37、M International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or
38、 through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).TABLE 1 Heating Chamber TemperatureGroupNumberBulk Density NotGreater Than,Recommended Temperatures for Control Points, F (C)lb/ft3g/cm3Low Medium High16 34 0.54 900 (480) . . . 1600 (870)20 40 0.64 900 (480) 1400 (760) 2000 (1095)24 48 0.77 900 (480) 1500 (815) 2300 (1260)26 54 0.86 900 (480) 1650 (900) 2600 (1425)28 60 0.96 900 (480) 1750 (955) 2800 (1540)30 68 1.09 900 (480) 1750 (955) 2800 (1540)32 95 1.52 900 (480) 1750 (955) 2800 (1540)33 95 1.52 900 (480) 1750 (955) 2800 (1540)C 182 88 (2009)3
