1、Designation: C1837 17Standard Specification forProduction of Dry Cast Concrete Used for ManufacturingPipe, Box, and Precast Structures1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1837; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of
2、 revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers the production of dry castconcrete as defined in 3.2.1. Requirements
3、for quality ofconcrete shall be either as hereinafter specified or as specifiedby the owner. In any case where the requirements of the ownerdiffer from those in this specification, the owners specificationshall govern. This specification does not cover the placement,consolidation, curing, or protect
4、ion of the concrete.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.3 As used throughout this specification the manufacturerproduces precast concrete products. The owner buys precastconcrete products1.4 This standa
5、rd does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 AST
6、M Standards:2C31/C31M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete TestSpecimens in the FieldC33/C33M Specification for Concrete AggregatesC39/C39M Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylin-drical Concrete SpecimensC125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Ag-gregatesC150/C150M Specification
7、 for Portland CementC260/C260M Specification for Air-Entraining Admixturesfor ConcreteC494/C494M Specification for Chemical Admixtures forConcreteC497 Test Methods for Concrete Pipe, Manhole Sections, orTileC595/C595M Specification for Blended Hydraulic CementsC618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and
8、 Raw or CalcinedNatural Pozzolan for Use in ConcreteC822 Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe and RelatedProductsC989/C989M Specification for Slag Cement for Use inConcrete and MortarsC1064/C1064M Test Method for Temperature of FreshlyMixed Hydraulic-Cement ConcreteC1157/C1157M Performance Specific
9、ation for HydraulicCementC1240 Specification for Silica Fume Used in CementitiousMixturesC1602/C1602M Specification for Mixing Water Used in theProduction of Hydraulic Cement Concrete3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsThe terms used in this specification aredefined in Terminology standards C125 and C822.3
10、.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 dry castvery low slump or zero-slump concrete thatrequires continuous and intense vibration, or mechanicalmeans, or a combination of vibration and mechanical means toconsolidate the concrete, enabling immediate removal of theforms from the prod
11、uct.4. Materials4.1 The aggregates shall be sized, graded, proportioned, andmixed with such proportions of cementitious material, water,and admixtures, if any, to produce a thoroughly mixed concreteof such quality that the precast product will conform to the testand design requirements of the releva
12、nt specification.4.2 Cementitious Materials:4.2.1 CementCement shall conform to the requirementsfor portland cement of Specification C150/C150M, or shall bePortland blast-furnace slag cement, portland-limestone cement,or portland-pozzolan cement conforming to the requirements1This test method is und
13、er the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 onConcrete Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C13.05 on SpecialProjects.Current edition approved March 1, 2017. Published March 2017. DOI: 10.1520/C1837172For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM
14、Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was d
15、eveloped in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1of Specificatio
16、n C595/C595M, except that the pozzolan con-stituent in the Type IP portland-pozzolan cement shall be flyash.4.2.2 Slag CementSlag cement shall conform to the re-quirements of Grade 100 or 120 of Specification C989/C989M.4.2.3 Fly AshFly ash shall conform to the requirements ofSpecification C618, Cla
17、ss F or Class C.4.2.4 Allowable Combinations of Cementitious MaterialsThe combination of cementitious materials used in the concreteshall be one of the following:4.2.4.1 Portland cement only,4.2.4.2 Portland blast-furnace slag cement only,4.2.4.3 Portland pozzolan cement only,4.2.4.4 Portland-limest
18、one cement only,4.2.4.5 A combination of portland cement or portland-limestone cement and slag cement,4.2.4.6 A combination of portland cement or portland-limestone cement and fly ash, or4.2.4.7 A combination of portland cement, or portland-limestone cement, slag cement, and fly ash.4.3 AggregatesAg
19、gregates shall conform to the require-ments of Specification C33/C33M except that the requirementfor gradation shall not apply.4.4 Admixtures and BlendsThe following admixtures andblends are allowable:4.4.1 Air-entraining admixture conforming to SpecificationC260/C260M.4.4.2 Chemical admixture confo
20、rming to SpecificationC494/C494M.4.4.3 Chemical admixture or blend approved by the owner.4.5 Water-Water used in the production of concrete shall bepotable or non-potable water that meets the requirements ofSpecification C1602/C1602M.5. Weigh Batching and Mixing5.1 Measuring Materials:5.1.1 Cementit
21、ious materials shall be measured by weight.For cement measured in an individual or a cumulative weighbatcher, the quantity of cement shall be within 61 % of therequired weight. Supplementing cementitious materials mea-sured in individual or cumulative weight batchers shall bewithin 65 lb, or 1 % of
22、the required weight, whichever isgreater.5.1.2 Aggregate shall be measured by weight. The totalbatch weight of material shall include the required weight ofdry materials plus the total weight of moisture (both absorbedand surface) contained in the aggregate. For aggregates mea-sured in individual or
23、 cumulative weigh batchers, the quantityof each aggregate shall be within 62 % of the required weight.5.1.3 Mixing water shall consist of water added to the batch,ice added to the batch, water occurring as surface moisture onthe aggregates, and water introduced in the form of admixtures.The added wa
24、ter shall be measured by weight or volume to anaccuracy of 3 % of the required total mixing water. Added iceshall be measured by weight. Total water (including any washwater) shall be measured or weighed to an accuracy of 63%of the specified total amount.5.1.4 Chemical admixtures in powdered form sh
25、all bemeasured by weight. Liquid chemical admixtures shall bebatched by weight or volume. Admixtures measured by eitherweight or volume, shall be batched with an accuracy of 63%of the total amount required or plus or minus the amount ordosage required for 100 lb of hydraulic cement, whichever isgrea
26、ter.5.2 Batching Plant:5.2.1 Bins with adequate separate compartments shall beprovided in the batching plant for each fine and coarseaggregate. Means of control shall be provided so that, as thequantity desired in the weighing hopper is approached, thematerial shall be shut off within the tolerances
27、 in 5.1.2.Weighing hoppers shall be constructed so as to eliminateaccumulations of batched materials and to discharge fully.5.2.2 Indicating devices shall be in full view and nearenough to be read accurately by the operator while charging thehopper. The operator shall have convenient access to allco
28、ntrols.5.2.3 Scales shall be considered accurate if their accuracy isverified through the normally used capacity in accordance withTABLE 1 Minimum Field Standard Weights and Test LoadsADevice Capacity Minimum(in terms of device capacity)Minimum Loads for Verification of Scale AccuracyField StandardW
29、eightsTestLoadsC0 to 4000 lb 100 % 100 % Field standard weights or test load to used capacity, ifgreater than minimum specified.4001 to 40 000 lb Greater ofB10 % or 1000 lb50 %DStrain-test loadsEare permitted to be used above testload minimums. During initial verification, a scale shall betested to
30、full capacity.AIf the configuration and set up of the scale system prevents access or application of adequate field standard weights or if an unsafe condition is created by the verificationprocess then the use of the scale above the verified position shall be discontinued until corrective measures h
31、ave been completed.BField standard weights used in verifying accuracy of weighing devices shall comply with requirements of NIST Handbook 105-1.CThe term “test load” means the sum of the combination of field standard weights and any other applied load used in the conduct of a test using substitution
32、 test methods.Substitution TestIn the substitution test procedure, material or objects are substituted for field standard weights, or a combination of field standard weights and previouslyquantified material or objects, using the scale under test as a comparator. Additional test weights or other kno
33、wn test loads may be added to the known test load to verifythe accuracy of higher weight ranges on the scale.DThe scale shall be tested from zero to at least 10 % of scale capacity using field standard weights, and then to at least 50 % of scale capacity using a series of substitutionload tests that
34、 utilize field standard weights equaling at least 10 % of scale capacity.EA strain-load test shall be conducted to verify the accuracy from 50 % of scale capacity to the used capacity of the scale. At least one load test shall be performed in eachquarter of scale capacity. Strain-Load TestIn the str
35、ain-load test procedure, an unknown quantity of material or objects are used to establish a reference load or tare towhich field standard weights or substitution test loads are addedC1837 172Table 1 and load indicated relative to applied test load is within60.15 % of the total capacity of the scale
36、or 0.4 % of the netapplied load, whichever is greater. The minimum quantity andsequence of applied test loads used to verify material scalesshall conform to Table 1 and its notes.5.2.4 All exposed fulcrums, clevises, and similar workingparts of scales shall be kept clean. Beam scales shall beequippe
37、d with a balance indicator sensitive enough to showmovement when a weight equal to 0.1 % of the nominalcapacity of the scale is placed in the batch hopper. Pointertravel shall be a minimum of 5 % of the net-rated capacity ofthe largest weigh beam for underweight and 4 % for over-weight.5.2.5 The dev
38、ice for the measurement of the added watershall be capable of delivering to the batch the quantity requiredwithin the accuracy required in 5.1.3. Measuring tanks shall beequipped with outside taps and valves to provide for checkingtheir calibration unless other means are provided for readilyand accu
39、rately determining the amount of water in the tank.NOTE 1The device for the measurement of the added water can beaffected by variable pressures in the water supply line.5.3 Mixers:5.3.1 All mixers shall be capable of combining the ingredi-ents into a thoroughly mixed and uniform mass of concrete.5.3
40、.2 Mixers shall be examined as frequently as necessary todetect changes in condition due to accumulations of hardenedconcrete or mortar and examined to detect excessive wear ofblades that affects the quality of the concrete mixture.5.4 Mixing:5.4.1 Mixers shall be operated within the limits of capac
41、ityas designated by the manufacturer of the equipment.5.4.2 Concrete shall be mixed completely in a mixer. Themixing time shall be counted from the time all the solidmaterials are in the mixer. Where no mixer performance testsare made, the acceptable mixing time for mixers shall be inaccordance with
42、 mixer manufacturers recommendations.Where mixers have been subjected to performance tests,mixing time may be reduced for the particular circumstancestested to a point at which satisfactory mixing shall have beenaccomplished.5.4.3 Concrete produced in cold weather shall have aminimum temperature of
43、40F.5.4.4 The maximum temperature of concrete shall at notime during its mixing and placement exceed 100F.NOTE 2When hot water is used rapid stiffening may occur if hot wateris brought in direct contact with the cement.NOTE 3In some situations difficulty may be encountered whenconcrete temperatures
44、approach the extremes of 40F and 100F.6. Volumetric Batching and Continuous Mixing6.1 Measuring Materials:6.1.1 Cement, fine and coarse aggregates, water, and admix-tures shall be measured by volume. Devices such as counters,calibrated gate openings, or flowmeters shall be available forcontrolling a
45、nd determining the quantities of the ingredientsdischarged. The entire measuring and dispensing mechanismshall produce the specified proportions of each ingredientwithin the tolerances in 6.1.6.NOTE 4The recommendations of the equipment manufacturer in theoperation of the equipment and in calibratin
46、g and using the variousgauges, revolution counters, speed indicators, or other control devicesshould be followed.6.1.2 All indicating devices that bear on the accuracy ofproportioning and mixing of concrete shall be in full view andnear enough to be read by the operator while concrete is beingproduc
47、ed. The operator shall have convenient access to allcontrols.6.1.3 The proportioning and indicating devices shall beindividually checked by following the equipment manufactur-ers recommendations as related to each individual concretebatching and mixing unit.Adequate standard volume measures,scales,
48、and weights shall be made available for the checkingaccuracy of the proportioning mechanism.6.1.4 The rate of water supplied the continuous mixer shallbe measured by a calibrated flowmeter coordinated with thecement and aggregate feeding mechanism, and with the mixer.The device for the measurement o
49、f water shall be capable ofdelivering to the batch the required quantity. The rate shall becapable of being adjusted in order to determine that thewatercement (permitted or required) ratios are being met.6.1.5 Liquid admixtures shall be dispensed through a con-trolled flowmeter.6.1.6 Tolerances in proportioning the various ingredients areas follows:Cementitious, mass%0to+4Fine Aggregate, mass % 62Coarse Aggregate, mass % 62Admixtures, mass or volume % 63Water, mass or volume % 63The tolerances are based on a volume/mass relationshipestablished by calibration of t
