1、Designation: C1846/C1846M 17Standard Specification forPerformance Based Manufacture of Reinforced ConcreteCulvert, Storm Drain, and Sewer Pipe1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1846/C1846M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or,
2、 in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Sco
3、pe1.1 This performance based specification covers reinforcedconcrete pipe intended to be used for the conveyance ofsewage, industrial wastes, and storm water, and for the con-struction of culverts.1.2 It is not the intention of this standard to dictate thematerial quantities and properties required
4、for a pipe toconform to this standard except those in Section 6. Specificproduct formulations shall be considered proprietary andallowed to remain confidential to the manufacturer.NOTE 1This specification is a manufacturing and purchase specifica-tion only, and does not include requirements for bedd
5、ing, backfill, or therelationship between field load condition and the strength classification ofpipe. However, experience has shown that the successful performance ofthis product depends upon the proper selection of the class of pipe, typeof bedding and backfill, and care that installation conforms
6、 to theconstruction specifications. The owner of the reinforced concrete pipespecified herein is cautioned that he must correlate the field requirementswith the class of pipe specified and provide inspection at the constructionsite.NOTE 2Attention is called to the specification for Reinforced Con-cr
7、ete D-load Culvert, Storm Drain, and Sewer Pipe (Specification C655).The distinction between this specification and C655 is in the D-Loadspecified and the practice for sampling pipe for conformance to thespecification. This specification relies on standard classes of pipe (ClassI-V), and sampling in
8、 accordance with Section 11.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The SI units areshown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not beexact equivalents; therefore each system shall be used inde-pendently of the other. Combini
9、ng values from the two systemsmay result in non-conformance with the standard.1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides an
10、d Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:A36/A36M Specification for Carbon Structural SteelA615/A615M Specification for Deformed and Plain Carbon-Steel Bars for Concrete ReinforcementA706/A706M Spec
11、ification for Deformed and Plain Low-Alloy Steel Bars for Concrete ReinforcementA1064/A1064M Specification for Carbon-Steel Wire andWelded Wire Reinforcement, Plain and Deformed, forConcreteC33/C33M Specification for Concrete AggregatesC76 Specification for Reinforced Concrete Culvert, StormDrain, a
12、nd Sewer PipeC76M Specification for Reinforced Concrete Culvert, StormDrain, and Sewer Pipe (Metric)C150/C150M Specification for Portland CementC260/C260M Specification for Air-Entraining Admixturesfor ConcreteC309 Specification for Liquid Membrane-Forming Com-pounds for Curing ConcreteC443 Specific
13、ation for Joints for Concrete Pipe andManholes, Using Rubber GasketsC494/C494M Specification for Chemical Admixtures forConcreteC497 Test Methods for Concrete Pipe, Manhole Sections, orTileC595/C595M Specification for Blended Hydraulic CementsC618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or CalcinedNa
14、tural Pozzolan for Use in ConcreteC655 Specification for Reinforced Concrete D-LoadCulvert, Storm Drain, and Sewer PipeC822 Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe and RelatedProductsC989/C989M Specification for Slag Cement for Use inConcrete and MortarsC990 Specification for Joints for Concrete Pipe,
15、 Manholes,and Precast Box Sections Using Preformed Flexible JointSealants1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 onConcrete Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C13.02 onReinforced Sewer and Culvert Pipe.Current edition approved May 1, 2017. Published May
16、 2017. DOI: 10.1520/C1846_C1846M-17.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Pr
17、inciples for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1C1017/C1017M Specification for Chemical Admixtures forUse in Producing Flowing ConcreteC1116/C1116M Specification for Fiber-Reinforce
18、d ConcreteC1157/C1157M Performance Specification for HydraulicCementC1602/C1602M Specification for Mixing Water Used in theProduction of Hydraulic Cement ConcreteC1628 Specification for Joints for Concrete Gravity FlowSewer Pipe, Using Rubber Gaskets2.2 AASHTO Standards:R073 Standard Practice for Ev
19、aluation of Precast ConcreteDrainage Products3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms relating to concretepipe, see Terminology C822.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 Ddesignthe D-load test criteria required to reach thedesign strength as defined in Test Methods C497.4. Classification4.1 Pipe furni
20、shed under this specification shall be desig-nated as Class I, II, III, IV, or V. The corresponding strengthrequirements are prescribed in Table 1. Special designs for pipestrengths not designated in Table 1 are permitted provided allother requirements of this specification are met. For PipeClasses
21、of IV or less, the minimum ratio of the DUltto Ddesignin the three-edge-bearing test shall be 1.5 rounded to thenearest 50 lb/ft/ft 5 N/m/mm. For Class V pipe, or higher, theminimum ratio of DUltto Ddesignin the three-edge-bearing testshall be 1.25. A linear interpolation may be performed toestablis
22、h the DUltto Ddesignratio for Pipe Classes betweenClass IV and V.5. Basis of Acceptance5.1 Acceptance on the Basis of Proof of Design Tests, PlantLoad-Bearing Tests, Material Tests, and Inspection of Manu-factured Pipe for Visual Defects and ImperfectionsAcceptability of the pipe in all diameters an
23、d classes shall bedetermined by the results of the three-edge-bearing tests asdefined in Section 11 and 12.3.1; by such material tests as arerequired in 6.2, 6.3, 6.5, 6.6, and 6.7; by an absorption test ofthe concrete from the wall of the pipe as required in 12.4; andby visual inspection of the fin
24、ished pipe to determine itsconformance with the accepted design and its freedom fromdefects in accordance with Section 15.5.2 Age for AcceptancePipe shall be considered ready foracceptance when it conforms to the requirements as indicatedby the specified tests.6. Materials6.1 Reinforced ConcreteThe
25、reinforced concrete shallconsist of cementitious materials; mineral aggregates;admixtures, if used; and water in which steel has beenembedded in such a manner that the steel and concrete acttogether.6.2 Cementitious Materials:6.2.1 CementCement shall conform to the requirements ofSpecification C150/
26、C150M or C1157/C1157M, or shall beblended cement conforming to the requirements of Specifica-tion C595/C595M.6.2.2 Slag CementSlag cement shall conform to the re-quirements of Grade 100 or 120 of Specification C989/C989M.6.2.3 Fly AshFly ash shall conform to the requirements ofClass F or Class C of
27、Specification C618.6.2.4 Allowable Combinations of Cementitious MaterialsAny combination of cementitious materials shall be acceptablefor use in the concrete if the mix meets the testing requirementsin this specification:6.3 AggregatesAggregates shall conform to SpecificationC33/C33M except that the
28、 requirement for gradation shall notapply.6.4 AdmixturesThe following admixtures and blends areallowable:6.4.1 Air-entraining admixture conforming to SpecificationC260/C260M;6.4.2 Chemical admixture conforming to SpecificationC494/C494M;6.4.3 Chemical admixture for use in producing flowingconcrete c
29、onforming to Specification C1017/C1017M; and6.4.4 Chemical admixture or blend approved by the owner.6.5 Steel ReinforcementReinforcement shall consist ofwire and welded wire conforming to Specification A1064/A1064M, or of bars conforming to Specification A36/A36M,Specification A615/A615M, Grade 40 o
30、r 60, or SpecificationA706/A706M, Grade 60. For helically wound cages only, weldshear tests are not required.6.6 FibersSynthetic fibers and nonsynthetic fibers shall beallowed to be used, at the manufacturers option, in concretepipe as a nonstructural manufacturing material. Synthetic fibers(Type II
31、 and Type III) and nonsynthetic fiber (Type I) designedand manufactured specifically for use in concrete and conform-ing to the requirements of Specification C1116/C1116M shallbe accepted.6.7 WaterWater used in the production of concrete shallbe potable or nonpotable water that meets the requirement
32、s ofSpecification C1602/C1602M.7. Pipe Performance7.1 The pipe shall be formulated sufficiently to pass the DUltand Ddesignrequirements in Table 1.7.2 Special Classes:TABLE 1Pipe Class Ddesign(lbs/linear foot/foot of diameter) N/linear m/mm ofdiameterDUlt(lbs/linear foot/footof diameter) N/linearm/m
33、m of diameterI 800 40.0 1200 60.0II 1000 50.0 1500 75.0III 1350 65.0 2000 100.0IV 2000 100.0 3000 150.0V 3000140.0 3750175.0C1846/C1846M 1727.2.1 If permitted by the owner, the manufacturer mayrequest approval by the owner of a special class of pipe havingDUltand Ddesignvalues that differ from those
34、 shown in Table 1.7.2.2 Such special classes of pipe shall be based on the samedesign/testing requirements as required for those classes foundin Table 1.7.3 The manufacturer shall formulate for their own produc-tion practices and records the following for each pipe productand size.7.3.1 Pipe Strengt
35、hs(Ddesign) and (DUlt).7.3.2 Material Strengths:(a) Minimum Compressive Strength of the Concrete - (fc),(b) Minimum Reinforcement Yield Strength and UltimateStrength - (fy) and (fu),(c) Minimum Elastic Modulus of Reinforcement (Es).7.3.3 Quantities of Materials:(a) The concrete mix design, including
36、 all materials andadmixtures within the concrete matrix,(b) Area of continuous reinforcement in units of in.2/ftcm2/ m,(c) Volume of noncontinuous reinforcement in units oflb/yd3kg/m3 or percent of volume of concrete.7.3.4 Physical CharacteristicsDiameter, wall thickness,laying length, and joint det
37、ails.8. Reinforcement8.1 Where one line of circular reinforcement is used, theprotective cover of the concrete over the circumferentialreinforcement in the wall of the pipe shall be34 in. 19 mm.8.2 In pipe having two lines of circular reinforcement, eachline shall be so placed that the protective co
38、vering of concreteover the circumferential reinforcement in the wall of the pipeshall be 1 in. 25 mm.8.3 In pipe having elliptical reinforcement with wall thick-nesses 212 in. 63 mm or greater, the reinforcement in the wallof the pipe shall be so placed that the protective covering ofconcrete over t
39、he circumferential reinforcement shall be 1 in.25 mm from the inner surface of the pipe at the verticaldiameter and 1 in. 25 mm from the outer surface of the pipeat the horizontal diameter. In pipe having elliptical reinforce-ment with wall thicknesses less than 212 in. 63 mm, theprotective covering
40、 of the concrete shall be34 in. 19 mm atthe vertical and horizontal diameters.9. Joints9.1 The joints shall be of such design and the ends of theconcrete pipe sections so formed that the pipe can be laidtogether to make a continuous line of pipe compatible with thepermissible variations given in Sec
41、tion 13.9.2 Joints shall conform to the requirements of Specifica-tions C443, C990, C1628, or other established joint typesapproved by the owner, including, but not limited to, mortar,sealant or externally-wrapped joints.10. Manufacture10.1 MixtureThe aggregates shall be sized, graded,proportioned,
42、and mixed with such proportions of cementitiousmaterials, water, and admixtures, if any, to produce a thor-oughly mixed concrete of such quality that the pipe willconform to the test and design requirements of this specifica-tion. Cementitious materials shall be as specified in 6.2 andshall be added
43、 to the mix in a proportion not less than 470lb/yd3280kg/m3 unless mix designs with a lower cementi-tious materials content demonstrate that the quality and per-formance of the pipe meet the requirements of this specifica-tion.10.2 CuringPipe shall be subjected to any one of themethods of curing des
44、cribed in 10.2.1 to 10.2.4 or to any othermethod or combination of methods approved by the owner, thatwill give satisfactory results. The pipe shall be cured for asufficient length of time so that the specified D-load is obtainedwhen acceptance is based on 5.1 or so that the concrete willdevelop the
45、 specified compressive strength at 28 days or lesswhen acceptance is based on 5.2.10.2.1 Steam CuringPipe shall be placed in a curingchamber, free of outside drafts, and cured in a moist atmo-sphere maintained by the injection of live steam for such timeand such temperature as needed to enable the p
46、ipe to meet thestrength requirements. At no time shall the ambient tempera-ture exceed 160F 71C. The curing chamber shall be soconstructed as to allow full circulation around the inside andoutside of the pipe.10.2.2 Water CuringConcrete pipe may be water-cured bycovering with water saturated materia
47、l or by a system ofperforated pipes, mechanical sprinklers, porous hose, or by anyother approved method that will keep the pipe moist during thespecified curing period.10.2.3 A sealing membrane conforming to the requirementsof Specification C309 may be applied and should be left intactuntil the requ
48、ired strength requirements are met. The concreteat the time of application shall be within 10F 6C of theatmospheric temperature. All surfaces shall be kept moist priorto the application of the compounds and shall be damp whenthe compound is applied.10.2.4 The manufacturer may, at his option, combine
49、 themethods described in 10.2.1 to 10.2.3 provided the requiredconcrete compressive strength is attained.11. Pipe Proof of Design Testing11.1 Load Bearing Test:11.1.1 Basis of Acceptance of DesignThree representativespecimens or special class test pipe in accordance with 7.2shall be tested to the Ddesignload and Dultstrength load inaccordance with the requirements of Test Methods C497 withany laps or splices placed in the critical zone, and the resultsrecorded and witnessed.All specimens shall meet or ex
