1、Designation: C1859 17aC1859 18Standard Practice forDetermination of Thermal Resistance of Loose-Fill BuildingInsulation in Side Wall Applications1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1859; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in
2、the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice presents a laboratory guide to determine the thermal resistance of loo
3、se-fill building insulations installed inside walls behind netting at mean temperatures between 10 and 35C (14 to 95F).1.2 This practice applies to a wide variety of loose-fill thermal insulation products including fibrous glass, rock/slag wool, orcellulosic fiber materials and any other insulation
4、material that can be installed pneumatically. It does not apply to products thatchange their character after installation either by chemical reaction or the application of binders, adhesives or other materials thatare not used in the sample preparation described in this practice, nor does it conside
5、r the effects of structures, containments, facings,or air films.1.3 Since this practice is designed for reproducible product comparison, it measures the thermal resistance of an insulationmaterial which has been preconditioned to a relatively dry state. Consideration of changes of thermal performanc
6、e of a hygroscopicinsulation by sorption of water is beyond the scope of this practice.1.4 The sample preparation techniques outlined in this practice do not cover the characterization of loose-fill materials intendedfor open applications.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the s
7、tandard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and d
8、etermine the applicability ofregulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendatio
9、ns issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C168 Terminology Relating to Thermal InsulationC177 Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measurements and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of theGuarded-Hot-Plate
10、 ApparatusC518 Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Heat Flow Meter ApparatusC1045 Practice for Calculating Thermal Transmission Properties Under Steady-State ConditionsC1114 Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Thin-Hea
11、ter ApparatusC1363 Test Method for Thermal Performance of Building Materials and EnvelopeAssemblies by Means of a Hot BoxApparatus3. Terminology3.1 Unless otherwise stated, the terms and definitions found in Terminology C168 are applicable herein.4. Significance and Use4.1 The thermal resistance, R,
12、 of an insulation is used to describe its thermal performance.1 This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C16 on Thermal Insulation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.30 on Thermal Measurement.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2017Sept. 15, 2018. Published January 201
13、8October 2018. Originally approved in 2017. Last previous edition approved in 2017 asC1859 17.C1859 17a. DOI: 10.1520/C1859-17A.10.1520/C1859-18.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsv
14、olume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to ad
15、equately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshoh
16、ocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14.2 The thermal resistance of an insulation is related to the density and thickness of the insulation. It is desirable to obtain testdata on thermal resistances at thicknesses and densities related to the end uses of the product.4.3 In normal use, the thickness of
17、 these products range from less than 100 mm (4 in.) to greater than 150 mm (6 in.). Installeddensities depend upon the product type, the installed thickness, the installation equipment used, the installation techniques, and thegeometry of the insulated space.4.4 Loose-fill insulations provide covera
18、ge information using densities selected by manufacturers to represent the productinstalled densities. Generally, it is necessary to know the product thermal performance at a representative density.4.5 When applicable specifications or codes do not specify the nominal thermal resistance level to be u
19、sed for comparisonpurposes, a recommended practice is to use the Rsi (metric) = 2.65 m F/Btu) label density and thickness for that measurement.4.6 If the density for test purposes is not available from the coverage chart, a test density shall be established by use ofapplicable specifications and cod
20、es or, if none apply, agreement between the requesting body and the testing organization.4.7 Generally, thin sections of these materials are not uniform. Thus, the test thickness must be greater than or equal to theproducts representative thickness if the results are to be consistent and typical of
21、use.NOTE 1The representative thickness is specific for each product and is determined by running a series of tests in which the density is held constantbut the thickness is increased. The representative thickness is defined here as that thickness above which there is no more than a 2 % change in the
22、resistivity of the product. The representative thickness is a function of product blown density. In general, as the density decreases, the representativethickness increases. Fortunately, most products are designed to be blown over a small range of densities.This limited range yields a range of repre
23、sentativethicknesses between 75 to 150 mm (3 to 6 in.) for most products. To simplify the process for this practice, the representative thickness for the C1859tests is considered 87.5 mm (3 12 in).All thermal testing on this product is conducted at a thickness that is greater or equal to the represe
24、ntative thickness.4.7.1 For this practice, the minimum test thickness shall be 87.5 mm (3 12 in.). If the test is to represent an installation at a lesserthickness, the installed thickness shall be used.4.8 For purposes of this practice, it is acceptable to estimate the thermal resistance at any thi
25、ckness from the thermal resistivityobtained from tests on the product at the minimum test thickness (see 4.7.1) and at the density expected for the proposed thickness.4.9 In principle, any of the standard methods for the determination of thermal resistance are suitable for loose-fill products.These
26、include Test Methods C177, C518, C1114, and C1363. Of these test methods, the heat flow meter apparatus, Test MethodC518, is preferred because of its lower cost and shorter testing time.4.10 The thermal resistance of low-density insulations depend upon the direction of heat flow. Unless otherwise sp
27、ecified, testsshall be performed for the maximum heat flow condition, that is, a horizontal specimen with heat flow-up.4.11 Specimens shall be prepared in a manner consistent with the intended installation procedure. Products for pneumaticinstallation behind netting shall be pneumatically applied (b
28、lown) using the manufacturers installation instructions and nettingspecified.5. Apparatus5.1 Thermal test apparatus used for this practice shall meet these requirements.5.1.1 Conformance to StandardsThe apparatus shall conform to all requirements of the ASTM thermal test method used.5.1.2 Size and E
29、rrorThe apparatus shall be capable of testing specimens up to at least 150-mm (6-in.) thickness with anestimated error not greater than 1 % attributed to thickness/guard dimensions. (Parametric studies using a mathematical model ofthe proposed apparatus will give insight to this evaluation. For exam
30、ple, see Table 1 in the 1976 edition of Test Method C518.3NOTE 2Thermal test apparatus in use for this practice shall have overall plate dimensions of 457 to 1220 mm (18 to 48 in.) square with meteringareas 152 to 457 mm (6 to 18 in.) square. Other sizes are acceptable if proper consideration of the
31、 size-thickness restrictions as outlined in the test methodare observed in their design. (See Practice C1045 for additional discussion.)5.1.3 TemperatureAs a minimum, the apparatus shall be capable of testing at a mean temperature of 23.9C (75F) with atemperature difference of 20 to 28C (36 to 50F).
32、 The equipment shall be calibrated at the same temperatures as the testconditions. Some existing test apparatus have been designed to provide measurements over a range of mean temperatures from 20to 55C (4 to 131F) and for a wider range of temperature differences.5.1.4 HumidityThe absolute humidity
33、within the test apparatus shall be maintained low enough to prevent condensation withinthe specimen or on the cold plate(s).Amaximum 9C (48F) dew point is consistent with the recommended material conditioninglevels.5.1.5 Orientation and Direction of Heat FlowThe thermal test apparatus shall be capab
34、le of testing horizontal specimens withheat flow-up. This orientation represents the most adverse heat flow condition for testing between two solid boundaries.5.1.6 Thermal Test Specimen FrameThe test frame shall be sized to match the test apparatus and shall be made of materialshaving low thermal c
35、onductivity (0.12 W/m K) and minimum thickness. A thin, thermally insignificant, screen or membrane is3 See Table 1, “Maximum Spacing Between Warm and Cold Plates of Heat Flowmeter Apparatus,” of Test Method C518 76 published in 1985 Annual Book of ASTMStandards, Vol 04.06.C1859 182stretched across
36、the bottom to support the material. To simulate the actual installation process, a frame holder, test frames (top andbottom half), and a cover assembly are recommended.The frame holder, test frames and cover assembly shall have fixed rigid sides(see Figs. 1-5).5.2 Specimen Preparation Equipment:5.2.
37、1 Blowing MachineA blowing apparatus is required when pneumatically applied specimens are to be tested. Choose thecombination of hopper, blower, and hose size and length that is representative of common use for the application of the materialto be tested. The following machine specifications have be
38、en developed for use with mineral wool and cellulosic materials.5.2.1.1 Mineral Fiber Insulations:(1) Blowing MachineA commercial blowing machine with a design capacity for delivering the subject material at a ratebetween 4 and 15 kg (9 to 33 lb)/min.(2) Blowing HoseThe machine shall utilize 46 m (1
39、50 ft) of typical 75 to 100 mm (3 to 4 in.) diameter flexible, internallycorrugated blowing hose. At least 30 m (100 ft) of the hose shall be elevated between 3 and 6 m (10 and 20 ft) above the exit ofthe blowing machine to simulate a typical installation configuration. The hose shall have no more t
40、han eight 90 bends and allbends shall be greater than 1.2-m (4-ft) radius. Before each sample preparation session, examine the hose for material remainingfrom previous blows. Dislodge any remaining material by mechanically agitating the hose when the machine is running. Repeatas necessary to maintai
41、n a clean hose for each specimen.(3) Insertion DeviceThe machine shall use a transition coupler to reduce the hose diameter down to 50 to 64 mm (2 to 2.5in.), with a recommended minimum length of 6 m (20 ft).NOTE 3In case of dispute, for mineral fiber insulations a 75 mm (3 in.) hose shall be used t
42、o prepare the specimens.5.2.1.2 Cellulosic Insulations: Blowing MachineUse commercial blowing equipment designed for cellulosic material, that is,hopper, blower, and 30 m (100 ft) of typical 50 to 75 mm (2 to 3 in.) diameter hose.NOTE 4In case of dispute, for cellulosic insulations a 51 mm (2 in.) h
43、ose shall be used to prepare the specimens.FIG. 1 Recommended Frame Holder (an Example)C1859 1835.2.2 Test Area Specimen CutterA means for isolating the material within the metering area is required for the densitydetermination. The isolated region shall have an area and shape identical to the meter
44、ing area. Fig. 6 provides an example of a dieFIG. 2 Recommended Top and Bottom Test Frame (an Example)C1859 184cutter used for this purpose. The use of a compression plate to compress an area larger than the metering area, prior to meteringarea material removal is recommended. The compression plate
45、shall extend at least 75 mm (3 in.) beyond the metering areaboundary.5.2.3 Weighing DevicesAdevice is required to weigh the test area material after the thermal test is complete. This device shalldetermine the test area weight to within 0.5 %. A second device is required during sample preparation an
46、d conditioning todetermine the sample plus frame weight. This device shall determine the combined weight to within 0.5 %.5.2.4 Conditioning RoomAn enclosure held at near constant temperature and humidity is required to stabilize the materialsor products prior to testing. The conditions are generally
47、 given in product specifications or in other appropriate documents. In theabsence of specific directions, conditioning shall be carried out in an atmosphere of 23 6 2C (75 6 4F) and a relative humiditynot greater than 45 % (see 5.1.4).5.2.5 Specimen Support SheetA stiff cardboard or equivalent sheet
48、 to be used to support the specimen during preparation,conditioning, and transport.5.2.6 Specimen Preparation RoomAsemi-enclosed area where the test material is blown into the specimen frame is required.This enclosure protects the blowing operation from wind or strong air currents. The room size sha
49、ll not influence the blowingstream from the hose. Minimum room dimensions of 3 by 3 by 2.5 m (10 by 10 by 8 ft) are generally adequate for this purpose.Experience has shown that, to obtain uniform specimens, it is necessary to blow an area greater than the dimensions of thespecimen frame. The recommended area to be covered is at least 2.5 times the minimum test frame dimension.6. Sampling6.1 Sampling plans given in the material specifications, regulations, or other appropriate documents shall be followed whenapplicable. In the absen
