1、Designation: C1862 17Standard Test Method for theNominal Joint Strength of End-Plug Joints in AdvancedCeramic Tubes at Ambient and Elevated Temperatures1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1862; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption
2、or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the push-out force, nominal join
3、t strength, and nominal burst pressure ofbonded ceramic end-plugs in advanced ceramic cylindricaltubes (monolithic and composite) at ambient and elevatedtemperatures (see 4.2). The test method is broad in scope andend-plugs may have a variety of different configurations, jointtypes, and geometries.
4、It is expected that the most commontype of joints tested are adhesively bonded end-plugs that useorganic adhesives, metals, glass sealants, and ceramic adhe-sives (sintered powders, sol-gel, polymer-derived ceramics) asthe bonding material between the end-plug and the tube. Thistest method describes
5、 the test capabilities and limitations, thetest apparatus, test specimen geometries and preparationmethods, test procedures (modes, rates, mounting, alignment,testing methods, data collection, and fracture analysis), calcu-lation methods, and reporting procedures.1.2 In this end-plug push-out (EPPO)
6、 test method, testspecimens are prepared by bonding a fitted ceramic plug intoone end of a ceramic tube. The test specimen tube is securedinto a gripping fixture and test apparatus, and an axialcompressive force is applied to the interior face of the plug topush it out of the tube. (See 4.2.) The ax
7、ial force required tofracture (or permanently deform) the joined test specimen ismeasured and used to calculate a nominal joint strength and anominal burst pressure. Tests are performed at ambient orelevated temperatures, or both, based on the temperaturecapabilities of the test furnace and the test
8、 apparatus.1.3 This test method is applicable to end-plug test speci-mens with a wide range of configurations and sizes. The testmethod does not define a standardized test specimen geometry,because the purpose of the test is to determine the nominal jointstrength and nominal burst pressure of an app
9、lication-specificplug-tube design. The test specimen should be similar in sizeand configuration with the intended application and productdesign.1.4 Calculations in this test method include a nominal jointstrength which is specific to the adhesives, adherends,configuration, size, and geometry of the
10、test specimen. Thenominal joint strength has value as a comparative test fordifferent adhesives and plug configurations in the intendedapplication geometry. When using nominal joint strength forcomparison purposes, only values obtained using identicalgeometries should be compared due to potential di
11、fferences ininduced stress states (shear versus tensile versus mixed mode).The joint strength calculated in this test may differ widely fromthe true shear or tensile strength (or both) of the adhesive dueto mixed-mode stress states and stress concentration effects.(True adhesive shear and tensile st
12、rengths are material proper-ties independent of the joint geometry.)1.5 In this test, a longitudinal failure stress is being calcu-lated and reported. This longitudinal failure stress acts as anengineering corollary to the burst pressure value measuredfrom a hydrostatic pressure test, which is a mor
13、e difficult andcomplex test procedure. Thus this longitudinal failure stress isrecorded as a nominal burst pressure. As a general rule, theabsolute magnitude of the nominal burst pressure measured inthis EPPO test is different than the absolute magnitude of aburst pressure from a hydrostatic burst p
14、ressure test, becausethe EPPO test does not induce the hoop stresses commonlyobserved in a hydrostatic pressure test.1.6 The use of this test method at elevated temperatures islimited by the temperature capabilities of the loading fixtures,the gripping method (adhesive, mechanical clamping, etc.), a
15、ndthe furnace temperature limitations.1.7 Values expressed in this test method are in accordancewith the International System of Units (SI) and IEEE/ASTM SI10.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user
16、 of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on P
17、rinciples for the1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C28 onAdvanced Ceramics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C28.01 onMechanical Properties and Performance.Current edition approved July 1, 2017. Published July 2017. Originally approvedin 2017. DOI: 10.1520/
18、C1862-17.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment
19、 of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referen
20、ced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C1145 Terminology of Advanced CeramicsC1322 Practice for Fractography and Characterization ofFracture Origins in Advanced CeramicsC1469 Test Method for Shear Strength of Joints of Ad-vanced Ceramics at Ambient TemperatureD907 Terminology of AdhesivesD3878 Terminology
21、 for Composite MaterialsD4896 Guide for Use of Adhesive-Bonded Single Lap-JointSpecimen Test ResultsE4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing MachinesE6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical TestingE105 Practice for Probability Sampling of MaterialsE122 Practice for Calculating Sample S
22、ize to Estimate, WithSpecified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of aLot or ProcessE220 Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples ByComparison TechniquesE230/E230M Specification for Temperature-ElectromotiveForce (emf) Tables for Standardized ThermocouplesE251 Test Methods for Performan
23、ce Characteristics of Me-tallic Bonded Resistance Strain GagesE337 Test Method for Measuring Humidity with a Psy-chrometer (the Measurement of Wet- and Dry-Bulb Tem-peratures)E1012 Practice for Verification of Testing Frame and Speci-men Alignment Under Tensile and Compressive AxialForce Application
24、IEEE/ASTM SI 10 American National Standard for MetricPractice3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 The definitions of terms relating to strength testingappearing in Terminology E6 apply to the terms used in thistest method. The definitions of terms relating to advancedceramics appearing in Terminology
25、 C1145 apply to the termsused in this test method. The definitions of terms relating tofiber-reinforced composites appearing in Terminology D3878apply to the terms used in this test method. The definitions ofterms relating to adhesives in Terminology D907 apply to theterms used in this test method.
26、Pertinent definitions as listed inPractice E1012, Terminology C1145, Terminology D3878,Terminology D907, and Terminology E6 are shown in thefollowing with the appropriate source given in parentheses.Key terms are given below.3.1.2 adherend, na body held to another body by anadhesive. (D907)3.1.3 adh
27、esion failure, nrupture of an adhesive bond inwhich the separation appears visually to be at the adhesive/adherend interface. (D907)3.1.4 adhesive, na substance capable of holding materialstogether by surface attachment. (D907)3.1.4.1 DiscussionAdhesive is a general term and in-cludes among others c
28、ement, glue, mucilage, and paste. All ofthese terms are loosely used interchangeably. Various descrip-tive adjectives are applied to the term adhesive to indicatecertain characteristics as follows: (1) physical form, that is,liquid adhesive, tape adhesive, etc.; (2) chemical type, that is,silicate a
29、dhesive, resin adhesive, etc.; (3) materials bonded,that is, paper adhesive, metal-plastic adhesive, can labeladhesive, etc.; (4) condition of use, that is, hot setting adhesive,room temperature setting adhesive, etc.3.1.5 advanced ceramic, na highly engineered, highperformance, predominately nonmet
30、allic, inorganic, ceramicmaterial having specific functional attributes. (C1145)3.1.6 ceramic matrix composite, nmaterial consisting oftwo or more materials (insoluble in one another), in which themajor, continuous component (matrix component) is a ceramicwhile the secondary component(s) may be cera
31、mic, glass/ceramic, glass, metal, or organic in nature. These componentsare combined on macroscale to form a useful engineeringmaterial possessing certain properties or behavior not pos-sessed by the individual constituents. (C1145)3.1.7 cohesive failure, nrupture of a bonded assembly inwhich the se
32、paration appears visually to be in the adhesive orthe adherend. (D907)3.1.8 elastic stress limit, FL2, nthe greatest stresswhich a material is capable of sustaining without any perma-nent strain remaining upon complete release of the stress, inunits of MPa. (E6)3.1.9 joining, ncontrolled formation o
33、f chemical or me-chanical bond, or both, between similar or dissimilar materials.(C1469)3.1.10 shear stress, FL2, nthe stress component tangen-tial to the plane on which the forces act. (E6)3.1.11 true shear strength, FL2, nthe maximum uni-form shear stress which a material is capable of sustaining
34、inthe absence of all normal stresses. (D4896)3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 collet(s), na sleeve placed on a shaft or tube andtightened so as to grip the shaft or tube.3.2.1.1 DiscussionCollets may come in a variety of forms.A common example is a split conical collet which
35、features acone-shaped segmented sleeve that is tightened with a taperedcollar.3.2.2 failure, nan arbitrary point beyond which a materialor system ceases to be functional for its intended use.3.2.2.1 DiscussionFailure strength is commonly definedby the force parameter (force, moment, torque, stress,
36、etc.)applied to a test specimen that produces brittle fracture and lossof load-carrying capability or permanent deformation beyond aspecified limit such as the elastic stress limit. Due to the2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at ser
37、viceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.C1862 172ceramic nature of the ceramic components being tested, failurewill typically be catastrophic.3.2.3 nominal burst pressure, PNBFL2, na burst pres-sure value calc
38、ulated from the push-out force at failure and theface area of the end-plug in units of MPa.3.2.4 nominal joint strength, SNJFL2, nthe calculatedstrength at failure in units of MPa, calculated from the push-outforce and the calculated adhesive bond area of the defined testspecimen.3.2.5 push-out forc
39、e, FPOF, nin a push-out test with aspecific test specimen geometry and size, the force level atwhich failure occurs in units of N.3.2.5.1 DiscussionPush-out force is defined at failure,however reductions in force during testing due to micro-cracking or other means that do not meet failure criteria m
40、ay betracked and reported.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method is used to determine the push-out force,the nominal joint strength, and the nominal burst pressure ofbonded ceramic end-plugs, typically using adhesives, in ad-vanced ceramic cylindrical tubes (monolithics and composites)at ambi
41、ent and elevated temperatures. Test specimens areprepared by bonding a fitted ceramic plug into one end of aceramic tube. The test specimen tube is secured into a loadingfixture and an axial compressive force is applied to the interiorface of the end-plug until failure occurs. The axial forcerequire
42、d to fracture (or yield) the test specimen joint ismeasured and used to calculate a nominal joint strength and anominal burst pressure. Tests are done at ambient temperaturesand at elevated temperatures, based on test furnace and testfixture temperature capabilities.4.2 Typical end-joint test specim
43、ens and a typical testsystem are shown schematically in Figs. 1 and 2, respectively.Selection of the test specimen geometry and size depends onthe functional design of the application-specific tube and thesize limitations of the available test material.4.3 The force application arrangement of this t
44、est method isdirect axial compression on the end face of the plug, where thepredominant forces (shear, tensile, and mixed mode) occur inthe circumferential adhesive bond section between the plug andthe tube.5. Significance and Use5.1 Advanced ceramics are candidate materials for high-temperature str
45、uctural applications requiring high strengthalong with wear and corrosion resistance. In particular, ceramictubes are being considered and evaluated as hermetically tightfuel containment tubes for nuclear reactors. These ceramictubes require end-plugs for containment and structural integ-rity. The e
46、nd-plugs are commonly bonded with high-temperature adhesives into the tubes. The strength and dura-bility of the test specimen joint are critical engineering factors,and the joint strength has to be determined across the full rangeof operating temperatures and conditions. The test method hasto deter
47、mine the breaking force, the nominal joint strength, thenominal burst pressure, and the failure mode for a giventube/plug/adhesive configuration.5.2 The EPPO test provides information on the strength andthe deformation of test specimen joints under applied shear,tensile, and mixed-mode stresses (wit
48、h different plug geom-etries) at various temperatures and after environmental condi-tioning.5.3 The end-plug test specimen geometry is a direct analogof the functional plug-tube application and is the most directway of testing the tubular joint for the purposes ofdevelopment, evaluation, and compara
49、tive studies involvingFIG. 1 Ceramic Test Specimens with Different End-Plug Configu-rationsFIG. 2 Example EPPO Test Method SchematicC1862 173adhesives and bonded products, including manufacturing qual-ity control. This test method is a more realistic test for theintended geometry than the current shear test of ceramic joints(Test Method C1469), which uses an asymmetric four-pointshear test on a flat adhesive face joint.5.4 The EPPO test method may be used for joining methoddevelopment and selection, adhesive comparison andscreening, and qualit
