1、Designation: C188 14 American Association StateHighway and Transportation Officials StandardAASHTO No.: T133Standard Test Method forDensity of Hydraulic Cement1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C188; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal ado
2、ption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defen
3、se.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the determination of the densityof hydraulic cement. Its particular usefulness is in connectionwith the design and control of concrete mixtures.1.2 The density of hydraulic cement is defined as the massof a unit volume of the solids.1.3 The values stated in SI
4、 units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.4 WarningFresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures arecaustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue uponprolonged exposure.21.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns
5、, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C114 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of
6、HydraulicCementC125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Ag-gregatesC670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statementsfor Test Methods for Construction Materials3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this testmethod, refer to Terminology C125.4. Significance an
7、d Use4.1 This test method provides a procedure for the determi-nation of density of hydraulic cement samples using non-instrumental techniques.5. Apparatus5.1 Le Chatelier flaskThe standard flask, which is circularin cross section, with shape and dimensions conformingessentially to Fig. 1 (Note). Th
8、e requirements in regard totolerance, inscription and length, spacing, and uniformity ofgraduation will be rigidly observed. There shall be a space ofat least 10 mm between the highest graduation mark and thelowest point of grinding for the glass stopper.5.1.1 The material of construction shall be e
9、xcellent qualityglass, transparent and free of striae. The glass shall bechemically resistant and shall have small thermal hysteresis.The flasks shall be thoroughly annealed before being gradu-ated. They shall be of sufficient thickness to ensure reasonableresistance to breakage.5.1.2 The neck shall
10、 be graduated from 0 to 1 mL and from18 to 24 mL in 0.1-mL graduations. The error of any indicatedcapacity shall not be greater than 0.05 mL.5.1.3 Each flask shall bear a permanent identification num-ber and the stopper, if not interchangeably ground, shall bearthe same number. Interchangeable groun
11、d-glass parts shall bemarked on both members with the standard-taper symbol,followed by the size designation. The standard temperatureshall be indicated, and the unit of capacity shall be shown bythe letters “mL” placed above the highest graduation mark.5.2 Kerosine, free of water, or naphtha, havin
12、g a densitygreater than 0.73 g/mL at 23 6 2 C shall be used in the densitydetermination.5.3 The use of alternative equipment or methods for deter-mining density is permitted provided that a single operator canobtain results within 60.03 g/cm3of the results obtained usingthe flask method.NOTE 1The de
13、sign is intended to ensure complete drainage of theflask when emptied, and stability of standing on a level surface, as well asaccuracy and precision of reading.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C01 on Cementand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C01.25 on Finen
14、ess.Current edition approved July 1, 2014. Published July 2014. Originally approvedin 1944. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as C188 09. DOI: 10.1520/C0188-14.2Section on Safety, Manual of Cement Testing, Annual Book of ASTMStandards, Vol. 04.01.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM w
15、ebsite, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbo
16、r Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States16. Procedure6.1 Determine the density of cement on the material asreceived, unless otherwise specified. If the density determina-tion on a loss-free sample is required, first ignite the sample asdescribed in the loss on ignition s
17、ection on Portland Cement ofTest Methods C114.6.2 Fill the flask (Note 2) with either of the liquids specifiedin 5.2 to a point on the stem between the 0 and the 1-mL mark.Dry the inside of the flask above the level of the liquid, ifnecessary, after pouring. Record the first reading after the flaskh
18、as been immersed in the water bath (Note 3) in accordancewith 6.4.NOTE 2It is advisable to use a rubber pad on the table top when fillingor rolling the flask.NOTE 3Before the cement has been added to the flask, a loose-fitting,lead-ring weight around the stem of the flask will be helpful in holding
19、theflask in an upright position in the water bath, or the flask may be held inthe water bath by a buret clamp.6.3 Introduce a quantity of cement, weighed to the nearest0.05 g, (about 64 g for portland cement) in small increments atthe same temperature as the liquid (Note 2). Take care to avoidsplash
20、ing and see that the cement does not adhere to the insideof the flask above the liquid.Avibrating apparatus may be usedto accelerate the introduction of the cement into the flask andto prevent the cement from sticking to the neck. After all thecement has been introduced, place the stopper in the fla
21、sk androll the flask in an inclined position (Note 2), or gently whirl itin a horizontal circle, so as to free entrapped air from thecement until no further air bubbles rise to the surface of theliquid. If a proper amount of cement has been added, the levelof the liquid will be in its final position
22、 at some point of theupper series of graduations. Take the final reading after theflask has been immersed in the water bath in accordance with6.4.6.4 Immerse the flask in a constant-temperature water bathfor sufficient periods of time in order to avoid flask temperaturevariations greater than 0.2 C
23、between the initial and the finalreadings.7. Calculation7.1 The difference between the first and the final readingsrepresents the volume of liquid displaced by the mass ofcement used in the test.7.2 Calculate the cement density, , as follows:p 5 MVwhere:p = density of cement, g/cm3,M = mass of cemen
24、t, g, andV = displaced volume of liquid, cm3.NOTE 4The displaced volume in millilitres is numerically equal to thedisplaced volume in cubic centimetres.NOTE 5Calculate the cement density, , to three decimal places andround to the nearest 0.01 g/cm3.NOTE 6In connection with proportioning and control
25、of concretemixtures, density may be more usefully expressed as specific gravity, thelatter being a dimensionless number. Calculate the specific gravity (sp gr)as follows:sp gr = cement density/water density at 4 Cwhere the density of water at 4 C is 1 g/cm3.8. Precision and Bias8.1 The single-operat
26、or standard deviation for portlandcements has been found to be 0.012.4Therefore, the results oftwo properly conducted tests by the same operator on the samematerial should not differ by more than 0.03.8.2 The multilaboratory standard deviation for portlandcements has been found to be 0.037.4Therefor
27、e, the results oftwo properly conducted tests from two different laboratories onsamples of the same cement should not differ by more than0.10.48.3 Since there is no accepted reference material suitable fordetermining any bias that might be associated with this testmethod, no statement on bias is bei
28、ng made.9. Keywords9.1 density; hydraulic cement; specific gravity4These numbers represent the 1s and d2s limits described in Practice C670.NoteVariations of a few millimetres in such dimensions as total height of flask,diameter of base, and so forth, are to be expected and will not be consideredsuf
29、ficient cause for rejection. The dimensions of the flask shown in Fig. 1 applyonly to new flasks and not to flasks in use which meet the other requirements ofthis test method.FIG. 1 Le Chatelier Flask for Density TestC188 142SUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee C01 has identified the location of selected cha
30、nges to this standard since the last issue (C18809)that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved July 1, 2014.)(1) Added 1.5, Sections 3 and 4. (2) Revised 5.3, 7.2, and Note 6.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any ite
31、m mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical comm
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