1、Designation: C188 15 American Association StateHighway and Transportation Officials StandardAASHTO No.: T133Standard Test Method forDensity of Hydraulic Cement1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C188; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal ado
2、ption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defen
3、se.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the determination of the densityof hydraulic cement. Its particular usefulness is in connectionwith the design and control of concrete mixtures.1.2 The density of hydraulic cement is defined as the massof a unit volume of the solids.1.3 The values stated in SI
4、 units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.4 WarningFresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures arecaustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue uponprolonged exposure.21.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns
5、, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C114 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of
6、HydraulicCementC125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Ag-gregatesC670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statementsfor Test Methods for Construction Materials3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this testmethod, refer to Terminology C125.4. Significance an
7、d Use4.1 This test method provides a procedure for the determi-nation of density of hydraulic cement samples using non-instrumental techniques.5. Apparatus5.1 Le Chatelier flaskThe standard flask, which is circularin cross section, with shape and dimensions conformingessentially to Fig. 1 (Note). Th
8、e requirements in regard totolerance, inscription and length, spacing, and uniformity ofgraduation will be rigidly observed. There shall be a space ofat least 10 mm between the highest graduation mark and thelowest point of grinding for the glass stopper.5.1.1 The material of construction shall be e
9、xcellent qualityglass, transparent and free of striae. The glass shall bechemically resistant and shall have small thermal hysteresis.The flasks shall be thoroughly annealed before being gradu-ated. They shall be of sufficient thickness to ensure reasonableresistance to breakage.5.1.2 The neck shall
10、 be graduated from 0 to 1 mL and from18 to 24 mL in 0.1-mL graduations. The error of any indicatedcapacity shall not be greater than 0.05 mL.5.1.3 Each flask shall bear a permanent identification num-ber and the stopper, if not interchangeably ground, shall bearthe same number. Interchangeable groun
11、d-glass parts shall bemarked on both members with the standard-taper symbol,followed by the size designation. The standard temperatureshall be indicated, and the unit of capacity shall be shown bythe letters “mL” placed above the highest graduation mark.5.2 Kerosine, free of water, or naphtha, havin
12、g a densitygreater than 0.73 g/mL at 23 6 2C shall be used in the densitydetermination.5.3 The use of alternative equipment or methods for deter-mining density is permitted provided that a single operator canobtain results within 60.03 g/cm3of the results obtained usingthe flask method.NOTE 1The des
13、ign is intended to ensure complete drainage of theflask when emptied, and stability of standing on a level surface, as well asaccuracy and precision of reading.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C01 on Cementand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C01.25 on Finene
14、ss.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2015. Published October 2015. Originallyapproved in 1944. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as C188 14. DOI:10.1520/C0188-15.2Section on Safety, Manual of Cement Testing, Annual Book of ASTMStandards, Vol. 04.01.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM
15、website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harb
16、or Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States16. Procedure6.1 Determine the density of cement on the material asreceived, unless otherwise specified. If the density determina-tion on a loss-free sample is required, first ignite the sample asdescribed in the loss on ignition
17、section on Portland Cement ofTest Methods C114.6.2 Fill the flask (Note 2) with either of the liquids specifiedin 5.2 to a point on the stem between the 0 and the 1-mL mark.Dry the inside of the flask above the level of the liquid, ifnecessary, after pouring. Weigh the flask, containing the liquid,a
18、nd record the mass, Ma, to the nearest 0.05 g. Record the firstreading of liquid height after the flask has been immersed in thewater bath (Note 3) in accordance with 6.4.NOTE 2It is advisable to use a rubber pad on the table top when fillingor rolling the flask.NOTE 3Before the cement has been adde
19、d to the flask, a loose-fitting,lead-ring weight around the stem of the flask will be helpful in holding theflask in an upright position in the water bath, or the flask may be held inthe water bath by a buret clamp.6.3 Introduce a quantity of cement in small increments atthe same temperature as the
20、liquid (Note 2) sufficient to bringthe liquid level in its final position to some point within theupper series of graduation (Note 4). Take care to avoidsplashing and see that the cement does not adhere to the insideof the flask above the liquid (Note 5). A vibrating apparatusmay be used to accelera
21、te the introduction of the cement intothe flask and to prevent the cement from sticking to the neck.After all the cement has been introduced, weigh the flask againto the nearest 0.05 g and record the mass, Mt. Then, place thestopper in the flask and roll the flask in an inclined position(Note 2), or
22、 gently whirl it in a horizontal circle, so as to freeentrapped air from the cement until no further air bubbles riseto the surface of the liquid. Take the final reading after the flaskhas been immersed in the water bath in accordance with 6.4.NOTE 4The amount of cement required will typically be ab
23、out 64 gfor Portland cement, and somewhat less for other types of cements.NOTE 5Using funnels to introduce the powder can help in ensuringthat all particles are introduced without spillage while minimizing theiradherence to the top inside portion of the flask.6.4 Immerse the flask in a constant-temp
24、erature water bathfor sufficient periods of time in order to avoid flask temperaturevariations greater than 0.2C between the initial and the finalreadings.7. Calculation7.1 The difference between the first and the final readingsrepresents the volume of liquid displaced by the mass ofcement used in t
25、he test.7.2 Calculation of the cement density:7.2.1 Calculate the mass of cement used in testing, Mc:Mc=Mt2 Ma(1)Where:Mc= Mass of cement used, g,Mt= Mass of the flask, g, containing the liquid and thecement (see 6.3), andMa= Mass of the flask, g, with the liquid to the first set ofgraduation (see 6
26、.2).7.2.2 Calculate the cement density, , as follows: 5 McVwhere: = density of cement, g/cm3,Mc= mass of cement as calculated under 7.2.1,g,andV = displaced volume of liquid, cm3.NOTE 6The displaced volume in millilitres is numerically equal to thedisplaced volume in cubic centimetres.NOTE 7Calculat
27、e the cement density, , to three decimal places andround to the nearest 0.01 g/cm3.NOTE 8In connection with proportioning and control of concretemixtures, density may be more usefully expressed as specific gravity, thelatter being a dimensionless number. Calculate the specific gravity (sp gr)as foll
28、ows:sp gr = cement density/water density at 4C(where the density of water at 4C 1 g cm3).8. Precision and Bias8.1 The single-operator standard deviation for portlandcements has been found to be 0.012.4Therefore, the results oftwo properly conducted tests by the same operator on the samematerial shou
29、ld not differ by more than 0.03.8.2 The multilaboratory standard deviation for portlandcements has been found to be 0.037.4Therefore, the results of4These numbers represent the 1s and d2s limits described in Practice C670.NoteVariations of a few millimetres in such dimensions as total height of flas
30、k,diameter of base, and so forth, are to be expected and will not be consideredsufficient cause for rejection. The dimensions of the flask shown in Fig. 1 applyonly to new flasks and not to flasks in use which meet the other requirements ofthis test method.FIG. 1 Le Chatelier Flask for Density TestC
31、188 152two properly conducted tests from two different laboratories onsamples of the same cement should not differ by more than0.10.48.3 Since there is no accepted reference material suitable fordetermining any bias that might be associated with this testmethod, no statement on bias is being made.9.
32、 Keywords9.1 density; hydraulic cement; specific gravitySUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee C01 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (C188 14)that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved Oct. 1, 2015.)(1) Revised 6.2, 6.3, and 7.2. (2) Added Notes 4 an
33、d 5, and 7.2.1 and 7.2.2.Committee C01 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (C18809)that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved July 1, 2014.)(1) Added 1.5, Sections 3 and 4. (2) Revised 5.3, 7.2, and Note 6.ASTM International takes no positio
34、n respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.
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