1、Designation: C188 16C188 17 American Association StateHighway and Transportation Officials StandardAASHTO No.: T133Standard Test Method forDensity of Hydraulic Cement1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C188; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforigi
2、nal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department o
3、f Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the determination of the density of hydraulic cement. Its particular usefulness is in connection withthe design and control of concrete mixtures.1.2 The density of hydraulic cement is defined as the mass of a unit volume of the solids.1.3 The values sta
4、ted in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 WarningFresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue uponprolonged exposure.21.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the sa
5、fety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed i
6、n accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1
7、ASTM Standards:3C114 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Hydraulic CementC125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete AggregatesC219 Terminology Relating to Hydraulic CementC604 Test Method for True Specific Gravity of Refractory Materials by Gas-Comparison PycnometerC670 Practice for Prepar
8、ing Precision and Bias Statements for Test Methods for Construction MaterialsD2638 Test Method for Real Density of Calcined Petroleum Coke by Helium Pycnometer3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions: For definitions of terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology C125.3.1.1 For definitions
9、of terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology C125 and C219.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method provides a procedure for the determination of density of hydraulic cement samples using non-instrumentaltechniques.5. Apparatus5.1 Le Chatelier flaskThe standard flask, which is circular
10、 in cross section, with shape and dimensions conforming essentiallyto Fig. 1 (Note). The requirements in regard to tolerance, inscription and length, spacing, and uniformity of graduation will berigidly observed. There shall be a space of at least 10 mm between the highest graduation mark and the lo
11、west point of grindingfor the glass stopper.1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C01 on Cement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C01.25 on Fineness.Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2016Dec. 1, 2017. Published December 2016December 2017. Originally approved i
12、n 1944. Last previous edition approved in 20152016as C188C188 16. 15. DOI: 10.1520/C0188-16.10.1520/C0188-17.2 Section on Safety, Manual of Cement Testing, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 04.01.3 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service a
13、t serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous ver
14、sion. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes sec
15、tion appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States15.1.1 The material of construction shall be excellent quality glass, transparent and free of striae. The glass shall be chemicallyresistant and sh
16、all have small thermal hysteresis. The flasks shall be thoroughly annealed before being graduated. They shall beof sufficient thickness to ensure reasonable resistance to breakage.5.1.2 The neck shall be graduated from 0 to 1 mL and from 18 to 24 mL in 0.1-mL graduations. The error of any indicatedc
17、apacity shall not be greater than 0.05 mL.5.1.3 Each flask shall bear a permanent identification number and the stopper, if not interchangeably ground, shall bear the samenumber. Interchangeable ground-glass parts shall be marked on both members with the standard-taper symbol, followed by the sizede
18、signation. The standard temperature shall be indicated, and the unit of capacity shall be shown by the letters “mL” placed abovethe highest graduation mark.5.2 Kerosine, free of water, or naphtha, having a density greater than 0.73 g/mL at 23 6 2C shall be used in the densitydetermination.5.3 The us
19、e of alternative equipment or methods for determining density is permitted provided that a single operator can obtainresults within 60.03 g/cm3 of the results obtained using the flask method.NOTE 1The design is intended to ensure complete drainage of the flask when emptied, and stability of standing
20、 on a level surface, as well as accuracyand precision of reading.5.3.1 The following alternative methods using helium for density determination are permitted:5.3.1.1 The methodology as described in Test Method C604. Sections of the standard relating to grinding the sample shall beomitted because cem
21、ent is already a powder.5.3.1.2 The methodology as described in Test Method D2638. Sections of the standard relating to grinding the sample shall beomitted because cement is already a powder.6. Procedure6.1 Determine the density of cement on the material as received, unless otherwise specified. If t
22、he density determination on aloss-free sample is required, first ignite the sample as described in the loss on ignition section on Portland Cement of Test MethodsC114.6.2 Fill the flask (Note 2) with either of the liquids specified in 5.2 to a point on the stem between the 0 and the 1-mL mark.Dry th
23、e inside of the flask above the level of the liquid, if necessary, after pouring.Weigh the flask, containing the liquid, and recordthe mass, Ma, to the nearest 0.05 g. Record the first reading of liquid height after the flask has been immersed in the water bath(Note 3) in accordance with 6.4.NoteVar
24、iations of a few millimetres in such dimensions as total height of flask, diameter of base, and so forth, are to be expected and will not be considered sufficientcause for rejection. The dimensions of the flask shown in Fig. 1 apply only to new flasks and not to flasks in use which meet the other re
25、quirements of this test method.FIG. 1 Le Chatelier Flask for Density TestC188 172NOTE 2It is advisable to use a rubber pad on the table top when filling or rolling the flask.NOTE 3Before the cement has been added to the flask, a loose-fitting, lead-ring weight around the stem of the flask will be he
26、lpful in holding theflask in an upright position in the water bath, or the flask may be held in the water bath by a buret clamp.6.3 Introduce a quantity of cement in small increments at the same temperature as the liquid (Note 2) sufficient to bring theliquid level in its final position to some poin
27、t within the upper series of graduation (Note 4). Take care to avoid splashing and seethat the cement does not adhere to the inside of the flask above the liquid (Note 5).Avibrating apparatus may be used to acceleratethe introduction of the cement into the flask and to prevent the cement from sticki
28、ng to the neck. After all the cement has beenintroduced, weigh the flask again to the nearest 0.05 g and record the mass, Mt. Then, place the stopper in the flask and roll theflask in an inclined position (Note 2), or gently whirl it in a horizontal circle, so as to free entrapped air from the cemen
29、t until nofurther air bubbles rise to the surface of the liquid. Take the final reading after the flask has been immersed in the water bath inaccordance with 6.4.NOTE 4The amount of cement required will typically be about 64 g for Portland cement, and somewhat less for other types of cements.NOTE 5U
30、sing funnels to introduce the powder can help in ensuring that all particles are introduced without spillage while minimizing their adherenceto the top inside portion of the flask.6.4 Immerse the flask in a constant-temperature water bath for sufficient periods of time in order to avoid flask temper
31、aturevariations greater than 0.2C between the initial and the final readings.7. Calculation7.1 The difference between the first and the final readings represents the volume of liquid displaced by the mass of cement usedin the test.7.2 Calculation of the cement density:7.2.1 Calculate the mass of cem
32、ent used in testing, Mc:Mc = Mt2Ma (1)Where:Mc = Mass of cement used, g,Mt = Mass of the flask, g, containing the liquid and the cement (see 6.3), andMa = Mass of the flask, g, with the liquid to the first set of graduation (see 6.2).7.2.2 Calculate the cement density, , as follows: 5 McVwhere: = de
33、nsity of cement, g/cm3,Mc = mass of cement as calculated under 7.2.1, g, andV = displaced volume of liquid, cm3.NOTE 6The displaced volume in millilitres is numerically equal to the displaced volume in cubic centimetres.NOTE 7Calculate the cement density, , to three decimal places and round to the n
34、earest 0.01 g/cm3.NOTE 8In connection with proportioning and control of concrete mixtures, density may be more usefully expressed as specific gravity, the latter beinga dimensionless number. Calculate the specific gravity (sp gr) as follows:sp gr = cement density/water density at 4C(where the densit
35、y of water at 4C 1 g cm3).)8. Precision and Bias8.1 The single-operator standard deviation for portland cements has been found to be 0.012.4 Therefore, the results of twoproperly conducted tests by the same operator on the same material should not differ by more than 0.03.8.2 The multilaboratory sta
36、ndard deviation for portland cements has been found to be 0.037.4 Therefore, the results of twoproperly conducted tests from two different laboratories on samples of the same cement should not differ by more than 0.10.48.3 Since there is no accepted reference material suitable for determining any bi
37、as that might be associated with this test method,no statement on bias is being made.9. Keywords9.1 density; hydraulic cement; specific gravity4 These numbers represent the 1s and d2s limits described in Practice C670.C188 173SUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee C01 has identified the location of selected ch
38、anges to this standard since the last issue (C188 16)that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved Dec. 1, 2017.)(1) Revised Section 3 (adjusted formatting and added reference to Terminology C219.SUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee C01 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard s
39、ince the last issue (C188 15)that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved Dec. 15, 2016.)(1) Added 5.3.1 5.3.1.2.Committee C01 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (C188 14)that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved Oct. 1, 2015.)(1) R
40、evised 6.2, 6.3, and 7.2.(2) Added Notes 4 and 5, and 7.2.1 and 7.2.2.Committee C01 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (C18809)that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved July 1, 2014.)(1) Added 1.5, Sections 3 and 4.(2) Revised 5.3, 7.2, an
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