1、Designation: C 20 00 (Reapproved 2005)Standard Test Methods forApparent Porosity, Water Absorption, Apparent SpecificGravity, and Bulk Density of Burned Refractory Brick andShapes by Boiling Water1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 20; the number immediately following the designat
2、ion indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscriptepsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by ag
3、encies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover the determination of thefollowing properties of burned refractory brick:1.1.1 Apparent porosity,1.1.2 Water absorption,1.1.3 Apparent specific gravity, and1.1.4 Bulk density.1.2 These test methods are not applicable to refracto
4、riesattacked by water.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of
5、this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 134 Test Methods for Size, Dimensional Measurements,and Bulk Density of Refractory Brick and InsulatingFirebrickC 8
6、30 Test Methods for Apparent Porosity, Liquid Absorp-tion, Apparent Specific Gravity, and Bulk Density ofRefractory Shapes by Vacuum PressureE 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test Method3. Significance and Use3.1 Apparent porosity, water absorption
7、, apparent specificgravity, and bulk density are primary properties of burnedrefractory brick and shapes. These properties are widely usedin the evaluation and comparison of product quality and as partof the criteria for selection and use of refractory products in avariety of industrial applications
8、. These test methods are usedfor determining any or all of these properties.3.2 These test methods are primary standard methods whichare suitable for use in quality control, research and develop-ment, establishing criteria for and evaluating compliance withspecifications, and providing data for desi
9、gn purposes.3.3 Fundamental assumptions inherent in these test methodsare that the test specimens are not attacked by water, the testspecimens conform to the requirements for size, configuration,and original faces, the open pores of the test specimens arefully impregnated with water during the boili
10、ng treatment, andthe blotting of the saturated test specimens is performed asspecified in a consistent and uniform manner to avoid with-drawing water from the pores. Deviation from any of theseassumptions adversely affects the test results.3.4 In laboratory studies involving castable specimen, a bia
11、swas noted between formed 2 by 2 by 2in. (50 by 50 by50mm) and specimens that were quartered from larger 9 by4.5 by 2.5 (228 by 114 by 64 mm) cast specimens. Addition-ally, an error in the apparent porosity determination oncastables was found whenever the specimens were heated to1500F (816C) and the
12、n exposed to water as a saturationmedia (Test Method C 830). The error was attributed toreactivity of cement with water and subsequent re-hydration ofcement phases. The higher the cement level of the castable, thegreater the error noted. It was concluded that an error inporosity values could occur f
13、or refractory materials having apotential to form hydrated species with water.33.5 Certain precautions must be exercised in interpretingand using results from these test methods. All four propertyvalues are interrelated by at least two of the three base datavalues generated during testing. Thus, an
14、error in any base datavalue will cause an error in at least three of the property valuesfor a given test specimen. Certain of the properties, that is,1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 onRefractories and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.03 on Physic
15、alProperties.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2005. Published December 2005. Originallyapproved in 1918. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as C 20 00.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
16、Standards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR: 1014.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshoho
17、cken, PA 19428-2959, United States.apparent specific gravity and bulk density, are functions ofother factors such as product composition, compositionalvariability within the same product, impervious porosity, andtotal porosity. Generalizations on or comparisons of propertyvalues should only be judic
18、iously made between like productstested by these test methods or with full recognition ofpotentially inherent differences between the products beingcompared or the test method used.4. Test Specimens4.1 When testing 9-in. (228-mm) straight brick, use aquarter-brick specimen by halving the brick along
19、 a planeparallel to the 9 by 2-12 or 3-in. (228 by 64 or 76-mm) face andalong a plane parallel to the 4-12 by 2-12 or 3-in. (114 by 64 or76-mm) face. Four of the surfaces of the resultant quarter-brickspecimen include part of the original molded faces.4.2 When testing other refractory shapes, cut, d
20、rill, or breakfrom each shape a specimen having volume of approximately25 to 30 in.3(410 to 490 cm3). The specimen shall includeinterior and exterior portions of the shape.4.3 Remove all loosely adhering particles from each speci-men.5. Procedure5.1 Dry Weight, D:5.1.1 Dry the test specimens to cons
21、tant weight by heatingto 220 to 230F (105 to 110C) and determine the dry weight,D, in grams to the nearest 0.1 g.5.1.2 The drying procedure may be omitted only when thetest specimens are known to be dry, as may be the case withsamples taken directly from kilns.5.1.3 The drying of the specimens to co
22、nstant weight andthe determination of their dry weight may be done either beforeor after the saturation operation (Section 6). Usually, the dryweight is determined before saturation. However, if the speci-mens are friable or evidence indicates that particles havebroken loose during the saturating op
23、eration, dry and weigh thespecimens after the suspended weight, S, and the saturatedweight, W, have been determined, as described in Sections 5.3and 5.4. Use this second dry weight in all appropriate calcu-lations.5.2 Saturation:5.2.1 Place the test specimens in water and boil for 2 h.During the boi
24、ling period, keep them entirely covered withwater, and allow no contact with the heated bottom of thecontainer.5.2.2 After the boiling period, cool the test specimens toroom temperature while still completely covered with water.After boiling keep the specimens immersed in water for aminimum of 12 h
25、before weighing.5.3 Suspended Weight, S:5.3.1 Determine the weight, S, of each test specimen afterboiling and while suspended in water in grams to the nearest0.1 g.5.3.2 This weighing is usually accomplished by suspendingthe specimen in a loop or halter of AWG Gage 22 (0.643-mm)copper wire hung from
26、 one arm of the balance. The balanceshall be previously counter-balanced with the wire in place andimmersed in water to the same depth as is used when therefractory specimens are in place.5.4 Saturated Weight, WAfter determining the sus-pended weight, blot each specimen lightly with a moistenedsmoot
27、h linen or cotton cloth to remove all drops of water fromthe surface and determine the saturated weight, W, in grams byweighing in air to the nearest 0.1 g. Perform the blottingoperation by rolling the specimen lightly on the wet cloth,which has previously been saturated with water, and then presson
28、ly enough to remove such water as will drip from the cloth.Excessive blotting will induce error by withdrawing waterfrom the pores of the specimen.6. Calculation6.1 Exterior Volume, VObtain the volume, V, of the testspecimens in cubic centimetres by subtracting the suspendedweight from the saturated
29、 weight, both in grams, as follows:V, cm35 W 2 S (1)NOTE 1This assumes that 1 cm3of water weighs 1 g. This is truewithin about 3 parts in 1000 for water at room temperature.6.2 Volumes of Open Pores and Impervious PortionsCalculate the volume of open pores and the volume of theimpervious portions of
30、 the specimen as follows:Volume of open pores, cm35 W 2 D (2)Volume of impervious portion, cm35 D 2 S (3)6.3 Apparent Porosity, PThe apparent porosity ex-presses as a percentage the relationship of the volume of theopen pores in the specimen to its exterior volume. Calculate Pas follows:P,%5 W 2 D !
31、/V# 3 100 (4)6.4 Water Absorption, AThe water absorption, A, ex-presses as a percentage the relationship of the weight of waterabsorbed to the weight of the dry specimen. Calculate A asfollows:A,%5 W 2 D!/D# 3 100 (5)6.5 Apparent Specific Gravity, TCalculate the apparentspecific gravity, T, of that
32、portion of the test specimen which isimpervious to boiling water as follows:T 5 D/D 2 S! (6)6.6 Bulk Density, B:6.6.1 The bulk density, B, of a specimen in grams per cubiccentimetre is the quotient of its dry weight divided by theexterior volume, including pores. Calculate B as follows:B, g/cm35 D/
33、V (7)6.6.2 This test method of determining bulk density is usefulfor checking bulk density values obtained by direct measure-ment of Test Methods C 134.NOTE 2While it is more accurate than the direct measurementmethod, and generally gives higher values (by about 0.02 to 0.04), thedirect measurement
34、method is better suited for plant and field testing,since it is a less involved technique. The present method is preferable forspecimens that are branded deeply or irregular in contour.7. Report7.1 For each property, report the individual values obtained.C 20 00 (2005)27.2 Report apparent porosity a
35、nd water absorption results toone decimal place, and apparent specific gravity and bulkdensity results to two decimal places.NOTE 3When values are reported for water absorption but not forporosity, it is suggested that the report shall also give the results for bulkdensity. This makes it possible to
36、 calculate the corresponding apparentporosity values as follows:P,%5 A 3 B (8)8. Precision and Bias8.1 Interlaboratory Test DataAn interlaboratory round-robin test was conducted between six laboratories on threedifferent types of refractories. The same four specimens of eachmaterial were sent from l
37、aboratory to laboratory, therebyeliminating sample variation. Each laboratory conducted twoseparate tests using two different operators, Operators A and B.The components of variance expressed as standard deviationand relative standard deviation (coefficient of variation) forabsorption, apparent poro
38、sity, bulk density, and apparent spe-cific gravity (ASG) were as given in Table 1.NOTE 4All statistical calculations are in accordance with PracticeE 691.8.2 PrecisionFor the components of variation given in8.1, a test result on any one sample should be consideredsignificantly different at a confide
39、nce level of 95 %, if therepeatability used for reproducibility exceeds the precision datagiven in Table 2.8.3 BiasNo justifiable statement on bias is possible sincethe true physical property values of refractories cannot beestablished by an accepted reference material.9. Keywords9.1 apparent porosi
40、ty; apparent specific gravity; bulk den-sity; refractory shapes; water absorption; water boilASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determinati
41、on of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdr
42、awn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your
43、comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single
44、 or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).TABLE 1 Interlaboratory Test DataMaterialGrandAverageABCAbsorption avg, % Xj12.37 6.67 4
45、.83 . . .Standard deviation within Sr0.1102 0.0776 0.075 0.0876Standard deviation between SL0.0866 0.0562 0.0182 0.0537Relative standard deviation, % Vr0.89 1.16 1.55 1.20VL0.70 0.84 0.38 0.64Apparent porosity, avg, % Xj22.24 14.44 11.22 . . .Sr0.1893 0.1559 0.1696 0.1716SL0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.000
46、0Vr0.85 1.08 1.51 1.15VL0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Bulk density, avg Xj1.799 2.172 2.327 . . .Sr0.00189 0.00458 0.00206 0.00284SL0.00274 0.00296 0.00267 0.00279Vr0.105 0.211 0.089 0.135VL0.152 0.136 0.115 0.134Apparent specific gravity, avg Xj2.314 2.539 2.621 . . .Sr0.00577 0.00634 0.00495 0.00569SL0.00442
47、 0.00468 0.00438 0.00449Vr0.249 0.250 0.189 0.229VL0.191 0.184 0.167 0.181TABLE 2 Precision and Relative PrecisionTestPropertyPrecision Relative PrecisionRepeat-ability,IrReproduc-ibilityIR% Ir% IRAbsorption, % 0.25 0.29 3.40 3.9Apparent porosity, % 0.49 0.49 3.25 3.25Bulk density 0.008 0.011 0.38 0.54Apparent specific gravity 0.016 0.021 0.65 0.83C 20 00 (2005)3
