1、Designation: C20 00 (Reapproved 2015)Standard Test Methods forApparent Porosity, Water Absorption, Apparent SpecificGravity, and Bulk Density of Burned Refractory Brick andShapes by Boiling Water1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C20; the number immediately following the designatio
2、n indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agenc
3、ies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover the determination of thefollowing properties of burned refractory brick:1.1.1 Apparent porosity,1.1.2 Water absorption,1.1.3 Apparent specific gravity, and1.1.4 Bulk density.1.2 These test methods are not applicable to refrac
4、toriesattacked by water.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user o
5、f this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C134 Test Methods for Size, Dimensional Measurements,and Bulk Density of Refractory Brick and InsulatingFirebrickC8
6、30 Test Methods for Apparent Porosity, LiquidAbsorption, Apparent Specific Gravity, and Bulk Densityof Refractory Shapes by Vacuum PressureE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test Method3. Significance and Use3.1 Apparent porosity, water absorption, a
7、pparent specificgravity, and bulk density are primary properties of burnedrefractory brick and shapes. These properties are widely usedin the evaluation and comparison of product quality and as partof the criteria for selection and use of refractory products in avariety of industrial applications. T
8、hese test methods are usedfor determining any or all of these properties.3.2 These test methods are primary standard methods whichare suitable for use in quality control, research anddevelopment, establishing criteria for and evaluating compli-ance with specifications, and providing data for design
9、pur-poses.3.3 Fundamental assumptions inherent in these test methodsare that the test specimens are not attacked by water, the testspecimens conform to the requirements for size, configuration,and original faces, the open pores of the test specimens arefully impregnated with water during the boiling
10、 treatment, andthe blotting of the saturated test specimens is performed asspecified in a consistent and uniform manner to avoid with-drawing water from the pores. Deviation from any of theseassumptions adversely affects the test results.3.4 In laboratory studies involving castable specimen, a biasw
11、as noted between formed 2 by 2 by 2in. (50 by 50 by50mm) and specimens that were quartered from larger 9 by4.5 by 2.5 (228 by 114 by 64 mm) cast specimens.Additionally, an error in the apparent porosity determination oncastables was found whenever the specimens were heated to1500F (816C) and then ex
12、posed to water as a saturationmedia (Test Method C830). The error was attributed toreactivity of cement with water and subsequent re-hydration ofcement phases. The higher the cement level of the castable, thegreater the error noted. It was concluded that an error inporosity values could occur for re
13、fractory materials having apotential to form hydrated species with water.31These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 onRefractories and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.03 on PhysicalProperties.Current edition approved March 1, 2015. Published April 2015. O
14、riginallyapproved in 1918. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as C20 00 (2010). DOI:10.1520/C0020-00R15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the stan
15、dards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:C08-1014.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.5 Certai
16、n precautions must be exercised in interpretingand using results from these test methods. All four propertyvalues are interrelated by at least two of the three base datavalues generated during testing. Thus, an error in any base datavalue will cause an error in at least three of the property valuesf
17、or a given test specimen. Certain of the properties, that is,apparent specific gravity and bulk density, are functions ofother factors such as product composition, compositionalvariability within the same product, impervious porosity, andtotal porosity. Generalizations on or comparisons of propertyv
18、alues should only be judiciously made between like productstested by these test methods or with full recognition ofpotentially inherent differences between the products beingcompared or the test method used.4. Test Specimens4.1 When testing 9-in. (228-mm) straight brick, use aquarter-brick specimen
19、by halving the brick along a planeparallel to the 9 by 2-12 or 3-in. (228 by 64 or 76-mm) face andalong a plane parallel to the 4-12 by 2-12 or 3-in. (114 by 64 or76-mm) face. Four of the surfaces of the resultant quarter-brickspecimen include part of the original molded faces.4.2 When testing other
20、 refractory shapes, cut, drill, or breakfrom each shape a specimen having volume of approximately25 to 30 in.3(410 to 490 cm3). The specimen shall includeinterior and exterior portions of the shape.4.3 Remove all loosely adhering particles from each speci-men.5. Procedure5.1 Dry Weight, D:5.1.1 Dry
21、the test specimens to constant weight by heatingto 220 to 230F (105 to 110C) and determine the dry weight,D, in grams to the nearest 0.1 g.5.1.2 The drying procedure may be omitted only when thetest specimens are known to be dry, as may be the case withsamples taken directly from kilns.5.1.3 The dry
22、ing of the specimens to constant weight andthe determination of their dry weight may be done either beforeor after the saturation operation (Section 6). Usually, the dryweight is determined before saturation. However, if the speci-mens are friable or evidence indicates that particles havebroken loos
23、e during the saturating operation, dry and weigh thespecimens after the suspended weight, S, and the saturatedweight, W, have been determined, as described in Sections 5.3and 5.4. Use this second dry weight in all appropriate calcu-lations.5.2 Saturation:5.2.1 Place the test specimens in water and b
24、oil for 2 h.During the boiling period, keep them entirely covered withwater, and allow no contact with the heated bottom of thecontainer.5.2.2 After the boiling period, cool the test specimens toroom temperature while still completely covered with water.After boiling keep the specimens immersed in w
25、ater for aminimum of 12 h before weighing.5.3 Suspended Weight, S:5.3.1 Determine the weight, S, of each test specimen afterboiling and while suspended in water in grams to the nearest0.1 g.5.3.2 This weighing is usually accomplished by suspendingthe specimen in a loop or halter of AWG Gage 22 (0.64
26、3-mm)copper wire hung from one arm of the balance. The balanceshall be previously counter-balanced with the wire in place andimmersed in water to the same depth as is used when therefractory specimens are in place.5.4 Saturated Weight, WAfter determining the sus-pended weight, blot each specimen lig
27、htly with a moistenedsmooth linen or cotton cloth to remove all drops of water fromthe surface and determine the saturated weight, W, in grams byweighing in air to the nearest 0.1 g. Perform the blottingoperation by rolling the specimen lightly on the wet cloth,which has previously been saturated wi
28、th water, and then pressonly enough to remove such water as will drip from the cloth.Excessive blotting will induce error by withdrawing waterfrom the pores of the specimen.6. Calculation6.1 Exterior Volume, VObtain the volume, V, of the testspecimens in cubic centimetres by subtracting the suspende
29、dweight from the saturated weight, both in grams, as follows:V, cm35 W 2 S (1)NOTE 1This assumes that 1 cm3of water weighs 1 g. This is truewithin about 3 parts in 1000 for water at room temperature.6.2 Volumes of Open Pores and Impervious PortionsCalculate the volume of open pores and the volume of
30、 theimpervious portions of the specimen as follows:Volume of open pores, cm35 W 2 D (2)Volume of impervious portion, cm35 D 2 S (3)6.3 Apparent Porosity, PThe apparent porosity ex-presses as a percentage the relationship of the volume of theopen pores in the specimen to its exterior volume. Calculat
31、e Pas follows:P,%5 W 2 D !/V# 3100 (4)6.4 Water Absorption, AThe water absorption, A, ex-presses as a percentage the relationship of the weight of waterabsorbed to the weight of the dry specimen. Calculate A asfollows:A,%5 W 2 D!/D# 3100 (5)6.5 Apparent Specific Gravity, TCalculate the apparentspeci
32、fic gravity, T, of that portion of the test specimen which isimpervious to boiling water as follows:T 5 D/D 2 S! (6)6.6 Bulk Density, B:6.6.1 The bulk density, B, of a specimen in grams per cubiccentimetre is the quotient of its dry weight divided by theexterior volume, including pores. Calculate B
33、as follows:B, g/cm35 D/V (7)6.6.2 This test method of determining bulk density is usefulfor checking bulk density values obtained by direct measure-ment of Test Methods C134.C20 00 (2015)2NOTE 2While it is more accurate than the direct measurementmethod, and generally gives higher values (by about 0
34、.02 to 0.04), thedirect measurement method is better suited for plant and field testing,since it is a less involved technique. The present method is preferable forspecimens that are branded deeply or irregular in contour.7. Report7.1 For each property, report the individual values obtained.7.2 Repor
35、t apparent porosity and water absorption results toone decimal place, and apparent specific gravity and bulkdensity results to two decimal places.NOTE 3When values are reported for water absorption but not forporosity, it is suggested that the report shall also give the results for bulkdensity. This
36、 makes it possible to calculate the corresponding apparentporosity values as follows:P,%5 A 3 B (8)8. Precision and Bias8.1 Interlaboratory Test DataAn interlaboratory round-robin test was conducted between six laboratories on threedifferent types of refractories. The same four specimens of eachmate
37、rial were sent from laboratory to laboratory, therebyeliminating sample variation. Each laboratory conducted twoseparate tests using two different operators, Operators A and B.The components of variance expressed as standard deviationand relative standard deviation (coefficient of variation) forabso
38、rption, apparent porosity, bulk density, and apparent spe-cific gravity (ASG) were as given in Table 1.NOTE 4All statistical calculations are in accordance with PracticeE691.8.2 PrecisionFor the components of variation given in8.1, a test result on any one sample should be consideredsignificantly di
39、fferent at a confidence level of 95 %, if therepeatability used for reproducibility exceeds the precision datagiven in Table 2.8.3 BiasNo justifiable statement on bias is possible sincethe true physical property values of refractories cannot beestablished by an accepted reference material.9. Keyword
40、s9.1 apparent porosity; apparent specific gravity; bulk den-sity; refractory shapes; water absorption; water boilASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advi
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45、m the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 1 Interlaboratory Test DataMaterialGrandAverageABCAbsorption avg, % Xj12.37 6.67 4.83 . . .Standard deviation within Sr0.1102 0.0776 0.075 0.0876Standard deviation between SL0.0866 0.0562 0.0182 0.053
46、7Relative standard deviation, % Vr0.89 1.16 1.55 1.20VL0.70 0.84 0.38 0.64Apparent porosity, avg, % Xj22.24 14.44 11.22 . . .Sr0.1893 0.1559 0.1696 0.1716SL0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000Vr0.85 1.08 1.51 1.15VL0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Bulk density, avg Xj1.799 2.172 2.327 . . .Sr0.00189 0.00458 0.00206 0.0028
47、4SL0.00274 0.00296 0.00267 0.00279Vr0.105 0.211 0.089 0.135VL0.152 0.136 0.115 0.134Apparent specific gravity, avg Xj2.314 2.539 2.621 . . .Sr0.00577 0.00634 0.00495 0.00569SL0.00442 0.00468 0.00438 0.00449Vr0.249 0.250 0.189 0.229VL0.191 0.184 0.167 0.181TABLE 2 Precision and Relative PrecisionTestPropertyPrecision Relative PrecisionRepeat-ability,IrReproduc-ibilityIR% Ir% IRAbsorption, % 0.25 0.29 3.40 3.9Apparent porosity, % 0.49 0.49 3.25 3.25Bulk density 0.008 0.011 0.38 0.54Apparent specific gravity 0.016 0.021 0.65 0.83C20 00 (2015)3
