1、Designation: C222 97 (Reapproved 2014)Standard Specification forAsbestos-Cement Roofing Shingles1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C222; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A
2、 number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers asbestos-cement roofingshingles, including accessories, designed to provide theweather-exposed surfaces on r
3、oofs of buildings.1.2 Shingles supplied under this specification are of thefollowing types as to shape and method of application:1.2.1 American MethodUniform thickness, generally rect-angular in shape, with straight or irregular edges. They areintended to be laid with a minimum 2-in. (51-mm) head la
4、p andwith no side lap and to provide double coverage. They may bemade either as individual or multiple units to simulate theappearance of individual shingles.1.2.2 Strip ShinglesUniform thickness, various shapesand designs to provide top lap only and shingle coverage underthe butt joints, with the d
5、esign such that it provides only singlecoverage.1.2.3 Strip ShinglesUniform thickness, various shapesand designs to provide top lap only and shingle coverage underthe butt joints, with the design such that it provides only singlecoverage.1.2.4 Dutch or Scotch Method (Including Ranch Design)Uniform t
6、hickness with straight or irregular edges and de-signed to be laid with a lap at the top and on one side of eachshingle.1.2.4.1 DutchSquare in shape.1.2.4.2 RanchOblong-rectangular in shape, with thegreater dimension horizontal.1.2.5 French or Hexagonal MethodUniform thickness,square in shape, havin
7、g at least three corners clipped to givethe desired pattern when the shingles are laid with theirdiagonals perpendicular to the eave of the roof, with their apexsides lapped.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconve
8、rsions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.4 WarningBreathing of asbestos dust is hazardous.Asbestos and asbestos products present demonstrated healthrisks for users and for those with whom they come into contact.In addition to other precautions, when
9、working with asbestos-cement products, minimize the dust that results. For informa-tion on the safe use of chrysotile asbestos, refer to “Safe Use ofChrysotile: A Manual on Preventive and Control Measures.”22. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C459 Test Methods for Asbestos-Cement Flat Product
10、s2.2 Federal Standard:4Fed. Std. No. 123 Marking for Domestic Shipment (CivilianAgencies)2.3 Military Standard:4MIL-STD-129 Marking for Shipment and Storage2.4 Other Documents:Uniform Freight Classification Rule5National Motor Freight Classification Rules63. Materials and Manufacture3.1 Asbestos-cem
11、ent roofing shingles shall be composed ofa combination of asbestos fiber and portland cement orportland blast-furnace slag cement, and not more than 1 weight% of organic fiber, with or without the addition of curingagents, water-repellent substances, mineral fillers, coatings,pigments, or mineral gr
12、anules, formed under pressure andcured to meet the physical requirements of this specification.4. Physical Requirements4.1 All measurements and tests necessary for determiningthe conformity of the asbestos-cement shingles with thisspecification shall be made in accordance with Methods C459.1This spe
13、cification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C17 onFiber-Reinforced Cement Products and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC17.03 on Asbestos - Cement Sheet Products and Accessories.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2014. Published December 2014. Originallyapproved in 1949. Last pr
14、evious edition approved in 2008 as C222 97 (2008).DOI: 10.1520/C0222-97R14.2Available from The Asbestos Institute, http:/ referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to
15、 the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4,Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, http:/dodssp.daps.dla.mil.5Available from the Uniform Classification Commission Room 1106, 222 S.Riverside Plaza, Ch
16、icago, IL. 60606.6Available from National Motor Freight Inc., 1616 P. St., N. W., Washington, DC20036.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14.2 Flexural StrengthThe average breaking load obtainedby loading equally and simult
17、aneously at both one-third pointsof the test span.4.3 DeflectionThe average deflection at mid-span at maxi-mum load obtained by loading equally and simultaneously atboth one-third points of the test span.4.4 Water AbsorptionThe average water absorption shallnot exceed 25 weight %.5. Dimensions, Mass
18、, and Permissible Variations5.1 Shingles supplied under this specification shall conformto the dimensions prescribed in Table 1. Units of one halfnormal width shall be supplied in an amount not exceeding twoper bundle.5.2 ThicknessThe average thickness of all units suppliedunder these specifications
19、 shall be as shown in Table 2, and theaverage thickness of any one unit shall not vary from theaverage of all units within the shipment by more than 10 %.For textured shingles, this thickness shall be construed as thegross overall measurement from the top of the textured surfaceto the back of the un
20、it.5.3 Width and LengthThe permissible variation from thenominal width or length shall be 618 in. (63.18 mm), asmeasured after 48 h at 73F (23C) and 50 % relative humidity.6. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance6.1 WorkmanshipThe surface of the shingles to be ex-posed shall be free of defects that im
21、pair appearance orserviceability.6.2 FinishThe surface of the shingles to be exposed shallbe smooth, grained, granuled, coated, or otherwise textured.6.3 ColorThe exposed surface of the shingles shall benatural color of the asbestos-cement product or shall be coloredby the addition of mineral pigmen
22、ts, chemical impregnation,pigmented coatings, veneers, or embedded mineral granules.6.4 Holes for Nails and FastenersHoles for nails andfasteners shall be provided in the units during manufacture andshall be so placed as to provide at least the minimum lap asspecified in Table 1 and to allow for pro
23、per application ofnecessary clips or storm fasteners.6.5 EfflorescenceEfflorescence that sometimes appears onasbestos-cement shingles is not a defect and shall not result ina permanent change in color.7. Supplementary Shapes7.1 StartersStarter pieces, for application at the eaves, areavailable for e
24、ach type of shingle and shall have the samegeneral characteristics as the shingles.7.2 Hip and Ridge Finishing PiecesFinishing pieces, forapplication on hips and ridges, are available for each type ofshingle and shall have the same general characteristics as theshingles.7.3 Ridge RollCurved or angul
25、ar ridge roll is available forcertain types of shingles and shall have the same generalcharacteristics as the shingles.8. Nails and Fasteners8.1 Nails for application of shingles to wood decks, specialfasteners for attaching shingles to nonwood decks, and stormanchors and clips are accessories which
26、 are not furnished withthe shingles, but must be purchased separately.8.2 Nails and fasteners shall have flat heads substantiallylarger than the diameter of the holes in the shingles with whichthey are to be used. The nails shall be of such length as to holdsecurely in the deck.8.3 Storm anchors or
27、clips shall have flat bases substantiallylarger than the diameter of the holes in the shingles with whichthey are to be used. Storm anchors shall be of adequate lengthto secure the shingles in place.8.4 Nails and fasteners shall be made of corrosion-resistant,nonstaining metal. Storm anchors or clip
28、s shall be corrosion-resistant, nonstaining metal, and shall be readily bendable.9. Underlayment Sheet9.1 Underlayment sheet material for use in the applicationof asbestos-cement shingles is not furnished with the shingles,but must be purchased separately.9.2 Asphalt-saturated felt, preferably asbes
29、tos felt wheremaximum fire resistance of the roof covering is desired, issuitable for underlayment use. Coal tar-saturated felt is notTABLE 1 Nominal Dimensions, in. (mm)TypeWidth(Horizontal)Height(Vertical)Minimum LapTopA ,BHeadA,BSideA,BAmerican method 8 to 32 (203 to 813) 12 to 18.5 (305 to 470)
30、. 2 (51) .Strip shingle 12 to 32 (305 to 813) variable 2 (51) . .Dutch or Scotch 16 (406) 16 (406) 3 (76) . 4 (102)Ranch 24 (610) 12 (305) 2.5 (64) . 4 (102)French or hexagonal 16 (406) 16 (406) 3 (76) . 3 (76)AHeadlap with shingles that provide double coverage and top lap with shingles that provide
31、 single coverage is defined as the shortest distance between the lower edgeof a course of shingles and the most proximate underlying area of roof deck not covered by the preceding courses of shingles. At butted side joints, between individualunits, complete and continuous coverage shall be provided
32、by the undercourse shingles. Side lap has a similar meaning in respect to the shortest horizontal distance fromthe exposed side edge to uncovered roof deck area.BThe unit dimensions and laps given in this table are an indication of customary current manufacture and shall not be construed to limit or
33、 fix the width, length, or lapdimensions of shingles that conform to all other requirements of this specification.C222 97 (2014)2suitable. The felt shall weigh not less than 13 lb/100 ft2(63.5kg/100 m2). Underlayment sheet material for use withasbestos-cement shingles shall be water-resistant, of th
34、e“breather” type, permeable to water vapor.10. Rejection and Retesting10.1 If the sample fails to conform to any one of therequirements of this specification, a second sample from thesame lot shall be prepared and tested. The results of the retestshall be averaged with the results of the original te
35、st todetermine compliance with this specification.10.2 Failure to conform to any one of the requirements ofthis specification upon retest as prescribed above, shall consti-tute grounds for rejection. In case of rejection, the seller shallhave the right to reinspect the rejected shipment and resubmit
36、the lot after removal of the portion of the shipment notconforming to the specified requirements, provided this is donewithin 20 days after receipt of notice of the specific cause forrejection.11. Inspection11.1 Inspection of material shall be made at the point ofshipment. The inspector representing
37、 the purchaser shall havefree access to the carriers being loaded for shipment to thepurchaser. He shall be afforded all reasonable and availablefacilities at the point of shipment for sampling and inspectionof the material, which shall be so conducted as not to interfereunnecessarily with the loadi
38、ng of the carriers.12. Packaging and Shipping12.1 Commercial QuantitiesThe commercial unit for mar-keting asbestos-cement roofing shingles is the “square.” Onesquare is sufficient material to cover 100 ft2(9.29 m2) of roofarea when applied according to the manufacturers directions.Supplementary shap
39、es (starters, hip and ridge pieces, ridgeroll) are not included with the shingles, but must be purchasedseparately.12.2 Commercial PackagingUnless otherwise specified,asbestos-cement roofing shingles shall be packaged in bundlesin accordance with accepted commercial practice, to ensureacceptance by
40、common carrier.12.3 Job ProtectionPackages of asbestos-cement roofshingles shall be stacked upon a raised, rigid, flat supportingbase, and to avoid discoloration, shall be kept completelycovered, protected from the weather, clean and dry, untilapplied.13. Keywords13.1 asbestos-cement; roofing shingl
41、es; shinglesSUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTSThe following supplementary requirements shall apply when material is supplied under thisspecification for U.S. Government procurement.S1. PackagingS1.1 Unless otherwise specified in the contract, the materialshall be packaged in accordance with the producers st
42、andardpractice which will be acceptable to the carrier at lowest rates.Containers and packing shall comply with Uniform FreightClassification Rules or National Motor Freight ClassificationRules. Marking for shipment of such material shall be inaccordance with Fed. Std. No. 123 for civil agencies and
43、MIL-STD-129 for military agencies.S2. Responsibility for InspectionS2.1 Unless otherwise specified in the contract or purchaseorder, the producer is responsible for the testing of all materialto assure compliance with the requirements specified herein.Except as otherwise specified in the contract or
44、 order, theproducer shall use his own or any other suitable facilities forthe performance of the inspection and test requirements speci-fied herein, unless disapproved by the purchaser. The purchasershall have the right to perform any of the inspections and testsset forth in this specification where
45、 such inspections aredeemed necessary to assure that material conforms to pre-scribed requirements.TABLE 2 Physical RequirementsNominal Thickness, in. (mm) Minimum Thickness, in. (mm)Minimum Breaking Load, lbf (N)Minimum Deflection, in. (mm)Strong Direction Weak Direction316 (4.5) 0.150 (4.1) 47 (21
46、0) 30 (170) 0.25 (7)14 (6) 0.220 (5.7) 83 (370) 70 (310) 0.2 (5)38 (10) 0.340 (8.8) 155 (690) 128 (570) 0.01 (2.5)C222 97 (2014)3ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard ar
47、e expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not
48、revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which yo
49、u may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or
