1、Designation: C241/C241M 09C241/C241M 13Standard Test Method forAbrasion Resistance of Stone Subjected to Foot Traffic1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C241/C241M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, t
2、he year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers th
3、e determination of the abrasion resistance of all types of stones for floors, steps, and similar useswhere the wear is caused by the abrasion of foot traffic.1.2 UnitsThe values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values statedin each system m
4、ay not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining valuesfrom the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.2.1 ExceptionThe formula for calculation of the result of this test method relies on the use of SI units; all measureme
5、ntsof weight in this test method shall be recorded in SI units. See 9.1 and 10.1.1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of theuser of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine
6、 the applicability of regulatory limitationsprior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C97 Test Methods for Absorption and Bulk Specific Gravity of Dimension StoneC119 Terminology Relating to Dimension StoneC1353 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Dimension Stone Subjected to Foot T
7、raffic Using a Rotary Platform,Double-Head Abraser3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsAll definitions are in accordance with Terminology C119.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method is useful in indicating the differences in abrasion resistance between the various building stones. This testmethod also
8、provides one element in comparing stones of the same type.5. Apparatus5.1 The abrasion testing apparatus shown in Fig. 1 shall be used. This apparatus consists essentially of a power-driven grindinglap, A, 10 in. 250 mm in diameter, which is revolved at 45 rpm; three specimen holders, B, with superi
9、mposed weights; gears,C, for revolving the specimen; and a means of feeding abrasive at a constant rate to the lap. The guide rings, D, are clamped inposition slightly above the specimen holders, and the 2000 g weight bearing on the specimen is the combined weight of thespecimen holder, vertical sha
10、ft above with the attached spur gear, and a weight hopper, E, containing additional adjustmentweights. The frame, F, carrying the guide rings is adjustable vertically to accommodate different specimen thicknesses. Gears, C,are adjusted on the shafts for each specimen thickness, so that they are slig
11、htly above the plate, G, throughout the test.6. Sampling6.1 The sample may be selected by the purchaser or his authorized agent but shall represent the average quality of the type orgrade of stone under consideration. It shall be of sufficient size to permit the preparation of at least three test sp
12、ecimens, and oneface should have the finish to be exposed to traffic. The sample preferably should be 1 in. 25 mm thick and 8 in. 200 mm square.1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C18 on Dimension Stone and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C18.01 on Test Method
13、s.Current edition approved April 1, 2009May 1, 2013. Published April 2009May 2013. Originally approved in 1950. Last previous edition approved in 20052009 asC24190(2005).C24109. DOI: 10.1520/C0241_C0241M-09.10.1520/C0241_C0241M-13.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org,
14、or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes h
15、ave been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official d
16、ocument.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1FIG. 1 Apparatus for Abrasion Resistance Test of StoneC241/C241M 1327. Test Specimens7.1 At least three specimens 2 in. 50 mm square and preferably 1 in. 25 mm in thickness shall
17、 be sawed from the sample.The sharp edges shall be rounded by grinding to a radius of approximately 132 in. 1 mm in order to prevent crumbling duringthe test.8. Conditioning8.1 Dry the specimens for 48 h in a ventilated oven at a temperature of 140 6 4F 60 6 2C.At the 46th, 47th, and 48th hour,weigh
18、 the specimens to ensure that the weight is the same. If the weight continues to drop, continue to dry the specimens untilthere are three successive hourly readings with the same weight. After removing the specimens from the oven, cool them to roomtemperature in a desiccator before testing them.9. P
19、rocedure9.1 Weigh the test specimens to the nearest 0.01 g; then place them in the abrasion testing apparatus and abrade for 225revolutions of the grinding lap with No. 60Alundum abrasive (Norton treatment 138S). Remove the specimens from the apparatus,brush them free of dust, and weigh to the same
20、precision as for the original weights.9.2 Place the specimens in water for an hour or more, surface dry them with a towel, and weigh again. Weigh the specimensin water and calculate the bulk specific gravity as described in Test Methods C97.NOTE 1Humidity affects the results to some extent in that t
21、he rate of grinding is higher for higher humidity. For this reason it is advisable to makethe test when the relative humidity is between 30 and 40 %.NOTE 2The supplier of the No. 60 Alundum abrasive, Norton, has indicated that the formula for Norton treatment 138S has been changed. The newabrasive i
22、s currrently more aggressive, resulting in lower abrasive hardness values (Ha) than when the standard was initially established. As such, careshould be taken when interpreting Ha values from tests using the new abrasive, particularly with regard to current ASTM stone standard specificationrequiremen
23、ts for abrasion resistance, which were developed when the original abrasive was still in use.NOTE 3A new abrasion resistance test has been adopted using the Taber Abraser (Test Method C1353 for Abrasion Resistance of Dimension Stoneby the Taber Abraser). Preliminary assessments indicate Ha values es
24、tablished by Test Method C241 appear to be similar to values produced by TestMethod C1353, however more data are currently being studied by Subcommittee C18.03.10. Calculation10.1 Calculate the abrasion resistance of each specimen as follows (Note 4):Ha 510 G20001Ws!/2000 Wa (1)Ha 510.95 G20001Ws!/2
25、000 Wa (1)where:G = bulk specific gravity of the sample,Ws = average weight of the specimen (original weight plus final weight divided by 2), in g, andWa = loss of weight during the grinding operation, in g.NOTE 4The abrasive hardness value, Ha, is the reciprocal of the volume of material abraded mu
26、ltiplied by ten. The superimposed weight on thespecimen is 2000 g and this is augmented by the weight of the specimen itself. The correction for the weight of the specimen, included in the formula,is based on the fact that the rate of abrasion is directly proportional to the weight. By basing the ab
27、rasive resistance values on the volumes, rather thanthe weights abraded, a better comparison is obtained for materials that vary considerably in bulk density.11. Report11.1 The average of the tests on individual specimens, expressed to two significant figures, shall be reported as the abrasiveresist
28、ance of the sample, but all results shall be reported as information. The report shall identify the type and grade of stone, itssource, and the approximate date of removal from the quarry.12. Precision and Bias12.1 Individual variations in a natural product may result in deviation from accepted valu
29、es. A precision section will be addedwhen sufficient data are available to indicate acceptable tolerances in repeatability and reproducibility.C241/C241M 13313. Keywords13.1 abrasion resistance; durability; stoneASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights assert
30、ed in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by t
31、he responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn.Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive
32、careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM Internat
33、ional, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).C241/C241M 134
