1、Designation: C286 99 (Reapproved 2017)Standard Terminology Relating toPorcelain Enamel and Ceramic-Metal Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C286; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of
2、last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 These definitions pertain to the
3、 terminology used in theporcelain enamel and ceramic-coated metal industries.1.2 Words adequately defined in standard dictionaries arenot included. Included are words that are peculiar to theseindustries.1.3 Hyphenated words, double words, or phrases are listedalphabetically under the first word; ad
4、ditional important wordsare cross-referenced.1.4 When a word or phrase, listed as a synonym, is notseparately defined, the defined word or phrase is the acceptedor preferred form.1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-izati
5、on established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A424 Specification for Steel, Sheet, for Porcelain Enam
6、elingA919 Terminology Relating to Heat Treatment of Metals(Withdrawn 1999)3C282 Test Method for Acid Resistance of Porcelain Enam-els(Citric Acid Spot Test)C283 Test Methods for Resistance of Porcelain EnameledUtensils to Boiling AcidC285 Test Methods for Sieve Analysis of Wet-Milled andDry-Milled P
7、orcelain EnamelC313 Method of Test for Adherence of Porcelain Enameland Ceramic Coatings to Sheet Metal (Withdrawn 1989)3C314 Test Method for Flatness of Porcelain Enameled Pan-els (Withdrawn 1979)3C346 Test Method for 45-deg Specular Gloss of CeramicMaterialsC347 Test Method for Reflectivity and Co
8、efficient of Scatterof White Porcelain Enamels (Withdrawn 1990)3C374 Test Methods for Fusion Flow of Porcelain EnamelFrits (Flow-Button Methods)C448 Test Methods for Abrasion Resistance of PorcelainEnamelsC614 Test Method for Alkali Resistance of Porcelain Enam-elsC633 Test Method for Adhesion or Co
9、hesion Strength ofThermal Spray CoatingsC743 Test Method for Continuity of Porcelain EnamelCoatingsC756 Test Method for Cleanability of Surface Finishes3. Terminologyabrasion resistancethe degree to which a porcelain enamelwill resist attack by abrasive materials.NOTE 1See Test Methods C448.acid ann
10、ealingan annealing process in which ferrous metalshapes are coated with acid before and in conjunction withthe annealing.acid resistancethe degree to which a porcelain enamel willresist attack by acids.NOTE 2See Test Method C283 and Test Method C282.adherence(1) the degree of adhesion of a porcelain
11、 enamelor other ceramic coating to a metal substrate.NOTE 3See Test Method C313.(2) Stress necessary to cause separation of one material fromanother at their interface.NOTE 4See Test Method C633.agingthe storing of porcelain enamel slips or powders beforeuse. The change occurring in slips or powders
12、 with the lapseof time.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B08 onMetallic and Inorganic Coatings and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeB08.12 on Materials for Porcelain Enamel and Ceramic-Metal Systems.Current edition approved May 1, 2017. Published May 2017. Orig
13、inallyapproved in 1951. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as C28699(2017). DOI:10.1520/C0286-99R17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standard
14、s Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with
15、 internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1air atomizingair used to atomize powder an
16、d to controlpowder/air mix and powder cloud density.air fluidizerair used to impart fluid-like properties to pow-der via a fluid bed.alkali resistancefor porcelain enamels, the degree to whicha porcelain enamel will resist attack by aqueous alkalinesolutions.NOTE 5See Test Method C614.alligator hide
17、a defect characterized by an extreme rough-ness of the porcelain enamel surface: a severe case of orangepeel.aluminum enamela porcelain enamel specifically designedfor application to aluminum.annealingsee Terminology A919.annealing acidsee acid annealing and annealing.anti-scale compounda preparatio
18、n that is applied to burningtools to protect them from scaling in service.back emissionthe electrical breakdown of air due to exces-sive charge build-up in the porcelain enamel powder filmduring powder application. This is due to the self-limitingcharacteristic of electrostatic powders.back ionizati
19、onsee back emission.ball millin porcelain enamels, a dense, ceramic-lined rotat-ing cylinder in which ceramic materials are wet or dryground, generally using pebbles or porcelain balls as grind-ing media.base coatfor two coat-one fire application, the thin layer ofbonding frit applied first and used
20、 to promote adherence afterfiring to the metal substrate.base metalthe metal to which porcelain enamel is applied.basis metalsee base metal.basket, picklesee pickle basket and pickling.batch smelterany smelter that operates as a periodic unit,being charged, fired, and discharged according to a prede
21、-termined cycle.beading(1) the application of porcelain enamel, usually of acontrasting color, to the edge or rim of porcelain enameledarticles.(2) Removal of excess slip from the edge of dipped ware.(3) In dry processing enameling, a bead of porcelainenamel along the edge of ware.beading enamelany
22、of the special porcelain enamels usedfor beading.bisquea coating of wet-process porcelain enamel that hasbeen dried, but not fired.blackboard enamel see chalkboard enamel.black edginga black porcelain enamel applied over theground coat and exposed in specified areas by brushing thecover coat bisque
23、prior to firing (see also edging).black specka defect that appears in the fired cover coat as asmall dark spot.blankthe piece cut from metal sheet that is to be used informing the finished article.blemishin dry process enameling, an insignificant imperfec-tion in the porcelain enamel surface.blister
24、a defect caused by gas evolution consisting of abubble that forms during fusion and remains when theporcelain enamel solidifies.blow-off resistancethe degree to which a deposited layer ofpowder resists being blown off by a standard jet of air.blue enamel(1) in dry-process porcelain enameling, an are
25、aof enamel coating so thin that it appears blue in color.(2) In wet-process enameling, a cover coat applied toothin to hide the substrate.boilinga defect visible in the fired porcelain enamel causedby gas evolution which results in the formation of blisters,pinholes, black specks, dimples, or spongy
26、 surface.bolt-hole brusha special round brush used to removeporcelain enamel bisque from in and around small openingsin the ware.bondsee adherence.box furnacea furnace in which, periodically, a load of wareis introduced; fired, and removed.break outin dry process enameling, a defect characterizedby
27、an area of blisters with well defined boundaries.bright annealingsee Terminology A919.brushto remove bisque in a definite pattern by means of abrush.brush, bolt-holesee bolt-hole brush.brushingsee brush.bubble structuresize and spatial distribution of voids withinthe fired porcelain enamel.bucka spe
28、cial support for ware during the firing of porcelainenamel on heavy ware.burningsee firing.burning bars, points, or toolsequipment used to suspend orsupport ware during the firing operations.burning tool marka defect in the porcelain enamel appear-ing on the surface opposite to the point of contact
29、with thesupporting burning tool.button testa test designed to determine relative fusibility ofporcelain enamel frit or powder and so called because thecompleted specimens resemble buttons.NOTE 6See flow button and Test Methods C374.cast iron enamela porcelain enamel specifically designedfor applicat
30、ion to cast iron.ceramic coatingan inorganic, essentially nonmetalliccoating, on metal.C286 99 (2017)2ceramic colorantsee color oxide.ceramic inkan ink containing a ceramic pigment thatdevelops its color on firing. Also known as stamping,screening, or printing ink.ceramic-metal coatinga mixture of o
31、ne or more ceramicmaterials in combination with a metallic phase applied to ametallic substrate which may or may not require heattreatment prior to service. This term may also be used forcoatings applied to nonmetallic substrates, for example,graphite.cermet coatingsee ceramic-metal coating.chalkboa
32、rd enamela special type of mat porcelain enamelused to provide a writing surface for chalk.chalky or chalkedthe condition of a porcelain enameledsurface that has lost its natural gloss and become powdery.charge decayloss of charge on the deposited powder due toelectrical leakage.charge decay ratelos
33、s of charge per unit of time.charge retentionthe ability of an electrically charged layerto retain its initial charge.charge to mass ratioratio of the charge on a powderexpressed in coulombs to the mass of the powder expressedin kilograms.chippingfracturing and breaking away of fragments of aporcela
34、in enameled surface.cleanabilitythe relative ease with which soils or stains canbe removed from a material.NOTE 7See Test Method C756.cleanera solution, usually alkaline, used to remove oil,grease, drawing compounds, and loose dirt from metal as astep in preparing the surface for porcelain enameling
35、.clear frita frit that remains essentially transparent or non-opaque when processed into a porcelain enamel.coatingsee ceramic coating and ceramic-metal coating.coefficient of scatterthe rate of increase of reflectance withthickness at infinitesimal thickness of porcelain enamel overan ideally black
36、 backing.NOTE 8See Test Method C347.cold-rolled steela low-carbon, cold-reduced and annealedsheet steel.color oxidea material used to impart color to a porcelainenamel.colored frita frit containing a colorant in order to produce astrong color in the porcelain b-rack(1) a burning tool shaped like a c
37、omb used forsupporting ware during firing.(2) A comb-like tool for supporting ware during the metalpickling ebackthe time required for a box furnace to return totemperature after the introduction of a load of ware.cone-screen testa method for testing fineness of enamelwith a cone-shaped sieve. (see
38、also screen test)consistencythe properties of a slip that control its draining,flowing, and spraying behavior.continuity of coatingthe degree to which a porcelain enamelor ceramic coating is free of defects, such as bare spots,boiling, blisters or copperheads, that could reduce its pro-tective prope
39、rties.NOTE 9See Test Method C743.continuous cleaning (coating)a term describing a type ofporcelain enamel designed to provide the continuousremoval, at normal use temperatures, of food soils accumu-lated on the interior surfaces of ovens.continuous furnacea furnace into which ware is fed con-tinuous
40、ly and through which it progresses during firing.continuous smeltera type of smelter into which the raw mixis fed continuously and from which the molten product isdischarged continuously.contrast ratiothe ratio of the reflectance of a coating overblack backing to its reflectance over a backing of re
41、flectanceof 0.80 (80 percent).NOTE 10See Test Method C347.cooling zonethat part of the continuous furnace in which theware is allowed to cool after firing.copper enamela porcelain enamel specifically designed forapplication to copper.copperheada defect occurring in sheet metal ground coatthat appear
42、s as a small freckle or pimple-like spot, reddishbrown in color.cover coata porcelain enamel finish applied and fused overa ground coat or direct to the metal substrate.covering powerthe degree to which a porcelain enamelcoating obscures the underlying surface.crackinga defect in the bisque consisti
43、ng of fractures orseparations.crackleda mottled textural effect in a wet process porcelainenamel resembling a wrinkled surface.crawlinga defect in the porcelain enamel appearing asagglomerates or irregularly shaped islands.craze, crazinga defect appearing as one or more fine cracksin the porcelain e
44、namel.crinkleda textural effect in a porcelain enamel surfacehaving the appearance of fine wrinkles or ridges.crossbend testa test in which fired or bisque porcelainenamel panels are progressively distorted by bending todetermine the resistance of the coating to cracking.C286 99 (2017)3cup guna spra
45、y gun with a fluid container as an integral part.cuppingthe pouring of slip over areas of a part duringdraining to produce uniform application.curlinga defect similar to crawling.curtainsa defect in sheet steel ground coatings characterizedby a draped pattern of darkened areas that are sometimesblis
46、tered. May also appear in cover coats applied over theground coat or direct-on.decarburized enameling steela special type of steel sheet ofextremely low carbon content, suitable for porcelain enamelcover coat application direct to the metal (Type I ofSpecification A424).decarburized steel see decarb
47、urized enameling steel.deckingthe multiple layer loading of ware for firing.de-enamelingthe removal of porcelain enamel from the basemetal.deflocculatingthe thinning of the consistency of a slip byadding a suitable electrolyte.delayed fishscalinga fishscaling defect that occurs after thefinal porcel
48、ain enamel processing (see also fishscaling).devitrificationa surface defect manifested by loss of gloss asa result of crystallization.dimplea shallow depression in the porcelain enamel, some-times a defect.dippingthe process of coating a metal shape by immersionin slip, removal, and draining. In dr
49、y process enameling, themethod of coating by immersing the heated metal shape fora short time in powdered frit.dipping weightsee pick-up.direct firea method of maturing porcelain enamel whereinthe products of combustion come in contact with the ware.direct-onsee cover coat.double draininga defect evidenced by flowing of the slip onthe ware, which occurs after it appears that draining has beencompleted.double-face wareware that has a finish coat
