1、Designation: C 301 04 (Reapproved 2009)Standard Test Methods forVitrified Clay Pipe1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 301; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in p
2、arentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover the equipment for, and thetechniques of,
3、 testing vitrified clay pipe prior to installation.Tests using whole pipe determines the resistance to crushingand hydrostatic forces. Tests using pipe fragments measure theamount of water absorption of the pipe body and the quantityof acid-soluble material that may be extracted from it.NOTE 1The fo
4、llowing standards also apply to clay pipe and can bereferenced for further information: Practice C12and Test Method C 828;Specifications C 425 and C 700.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units th
5、at are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safetyconcerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety andhealth practices and determine the applicabil
6、ity of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C12 Practice for Installing Vitrified Clay Pipe LinesC 425 Specification for Compression Joints for VitrifiedClay Pipe and FittingsC 700 Specification for Vitrified Clay Pipe, Extra Strength,Standard Strength, and P
7、erforatedC 828 Test Method for Low-Pressure Air Test of VitrifiedClay Pipe LinesC 896 Terminology Relating to Clay ProductsE6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Test-ing3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in these test methods,refer to Terminology E6and Termi
8、nology C 896.4. Significance and Use4.1 Meaning and SuitabilityThe tests called for herein,from their results, indicate the suitability and acceptability ofvitrified clay pipe for specifications acceptance, design pur-poses, regulatory statutes, manufacturing control, and research.5. Bearing Strengt
9、h5.1 Test Specimens:5.1.1 The test specimens shall be sound, full-size pipe andshall be selected by the purchaser, or his representative, atpoints he designates when placing the order.5.1.2 The number of specimens to be tested shall not exceed0.5 % of the number of pipe of each size furnished, excep
10、t thatno less than two specimens shall be tested.5.2 Measurement and Inspection of Specimens:5.2.1 The specimens shall be free of all visible moisture andfrost. These specimens shall be inspected and measured forconformance with the applicable specifications. The results ofthese observations shall b
11、e recorded.5.2.2 Specimens that are observed to have defects in excessof the limits permitted in the applicable specifications shall bediscarded and replaced with additional specimens from the lotto be tested.5.3 Loading Apparatus (see Fig. 1):5.3.1 Testing Machine:5.3.1.1 The loading apparatus shal
12、l consist of a testingmachine capable of applying loads, with upper and lowerbearings capable of transmitting these loads to the pipe. Thebearings shall be bearing beams and contact edges.5.3.1.2 Any motor driven testing machine that is capable ofapplying a load at a uniform rate of 2000 6 500 lbf/m
13、inlinearft (29.2 6 7.3 kN/minlinear m) of pipe length, shall be usedfor making the test.5.3.1.3 The load may be applied at a rapid rate until 50 % ofthe required bearing strength is reached. Subsequently, the loadshall be applied to the pipe at a uniform rate of 2000 6 5001These test methods are und
14、er the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C04 onVitrified Clay Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C04.20 onMethods of Test and Specifications.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2009. Published October 2009. Originallyapproved in 1952. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as C 301 04.2
15、For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C
16、700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.lbf/minlinear ft (29.2 6 7.3 kN/minlinear m) of pipe lengthwithout vibration or shock.5.3.1.4 The testing machine shall be sufficiently rigid so thatthe load distribution will not be appreciably affected by thedeformation or yielding of any part.
17、The machine and bearingsshall be constructed to transmit the load in a vertical planethrough the longitudinal axes of the bearings and pipe. Thebearings shall be attached to the machine so as to receive anduniformly transmit the loads required in the tests, withoutvibration or shock. The upper beari
18、ng shall be free to rotate ina vertical plane through the longitudinal axis of the bearing andthe pipe.5.3.2 Bearing BeamsBearing beams shall not deflectmore than a 14 by 8-in. (355 by 205-mm), 53-lb/linear ft(73-kg/linear m), wide flange beam as specified by the Ameri-can Institute of Steel Constru
19、ction. Under no circumstancesshall the deflection in inches or millimetres under maximumload exceed that given by the ratio L/720 in which L is thebeam length in inches or millimetres. The length of the bearingbeams shall be no less than the full length of the outside barrelof the pipe. Built-up bea
20、ring beams may be used, providedtheir deflection does not exceed that specified. In order for thebell or socket of the pipe to clear the bearing beams, it isrecommended that the bearing beams be faced with a metal orhardwood member for affixing the contact edges.5.3.3 Three-Edge Bearings:5.3.3.1 Thr
21、ee-edge bearings shall consist of an upper mem-ber, comprised of a bearing beam on which one contact edge islocated so that it lies in the vertical plane passing through thelongitudinal axis of the pipe; and a lower member comprised ofa bearing beam on which two contact edges are symmetricallylocate
22、d parallel to that vertical plane.5.3.3.2 The contact edges shall consist of rubber stripsalone, or hardwood strips with plaster of paris fillets. Contactedges shall uniformly contact the outside barrel of the pipe.FIG. 1 Three-Edge Bearing Testing (see 5.3.4 for Segmented Testing)C 301 04 (2009)25.
23、3.3.3 The two contact edges on the lower member shall bespaced apart approximately 1 in./ft (83 mm/m) of pipe diam-eter, but in no case less than 1 in. (25 mm).5.3.3.4 Positioning strips may be used to align the uppercontact edge and to align and space the lower contact edges. Inthe case of rubber c
24、ontact edges, positioning strips shall notexceed one half of the thickness of the contact edge and mayremain in place.5.3.3.5 If rubber strips are used as contact edges, they shallbe cut or formed from material having a Shore A, instanta-neous, durometer hardness between 45 and 60. The strips shallb
25、e of rectangular cross section, having a 2-in. (51-mm) width,and a thickness not less than 1 in. (25 mm) nor more than 112in. (38 mm). The contact edges shall be used with the 2-in.(51-mm) dimension in contact with the bearing beam. Rubbercontact edges may be attached to the bearing beam by anadhesi
26、ve, provided the contact edge remains firmly fixed inposition.5.3.3.6 If hardwood strips with plaster of paris fillets areused as contact edges, the strips shall be straight, and have across section not less than 1 in. (25 mm) in either direction. Thebottom contact edges shall have vertical sides, w
27、ith the interiortop corners having a radius of approximately12 in. (13 mm).The contact edges shall be securely fastened to the beams.5.3.3.7 Plaster of paris fillets shall be cast on hardwoodcontact edges to provide uniform bearing contact on the pipebarrel. Fillets shall be cast on the two lower co
28、ntact edges andon the upper contact edge, along the pipe crown. Sufficientexcess plaster shall be removed from between the two lowercontact edges to eliminate the possibility of a single continuouslower contact. The pipe and contact edges shall be joined whilethe plaster of paris is still workable.
29、Testing shall be performedonly after the fillets have set.5.3.4 Segmented Bearings (Alternative to Three-EdgeBearing)This apparatus shall consist of segmented upper andlower bearing members with the segments of each memberconnected to a common hydraulic manifold to provide uniformload along the leng
30、th of the barrel. The segmented bearingsshall be of uniform length with the number of segments equalto the nominal length of the test pipe measured in feet. Theyshall be adjustable to accommodate the length variation al-lowed in the pipe specification. In no instance shall the lengthof the segmented
31、 bearing be greater than the external length ofthe barrel of the pipe. Rubber contact edges conforming to5.3.3.5 shall be attached to the bearing segments.5.4 Bearing Tests (see Fig. 1):5.4.1 Test pipe for bearing strength in accordance with thethree-edge bearing or segmented method. Use either of t
32、hespecified bearing methods on retests as provided in theapplicable specifications.5.4.2 For tests using rigid bearing beams, multiple loadingrams may be used. Each ram must have the same load range,connected by a common hydraulic system, and spaced abovethe top bearing beam to deliver a uniformly d
33、istributed load. Intesting pipe that is not straight, place it between the bearings inthe position that most nearly gives uniform loading on the pipe.5.4.3 The loading of the pipe shall be a continuous opera-tion. Do not allow the pipe to stand under load longer than isrequired to apply the load and
34、 record the observations.5.4.4 The loading shall be stopped after the requiredstrength has been met.5.4.5 For further evaluation or quality assurance, the load-ing may be continued to the point of pipe failure.5.4.6 Record the maximum load sustained by the specimen.5.5 Calculation and Report:5.5.1 C
35、alculate the bearing strength by dividing the appliedload by the inside length of the barrel. The length shall be theaverage of two measurements taken at points 180 (3.1 rad)apart. Report the individual results of the tests of pipe of eachsize or lot.6. Absorption6.1 Test Specimens:6.1.1 Absorption
36、specimens shall be sound pieces of the fullthickness of the barrel of the pipe, with all edges broken. Eachspecimen shall be as nearly square as possible, with the area onone barrel surface not less than twelve times the wall thickness,expressed as square units. They shall be free of observablecrack
37、s or shattered edges and shall not contain laminations andfissures more than is typical of the pipe from which thespecimens were taken.6.1.2 Each specimen shall be marked so that it may beidentified with the lot of pipe from which it was taken. Themarkings shall be applied so that the pigment used s
38、hall covernot more than 1 % of the area of the specimen.6.1.3 Test at least one specimen from each size of pipe.6.2 Weighing ApparatusThe balance used shall be sensi-tive to 0.5 g when loaded with 1 kg, and weighings shall bemade to at least the nearest 1 g. If other than metric weights areused, the
39、 same degree of accuracy shall be observed.6.3 Procedure:6.3.1 Dry the specimen at least8hinaventilated oven at atemperature between 230 and 248F (110 and 120C), andmake successive weighings at intervals of not less than 3 huntil the loss at any weighing is not greater than 0.1 % of theoriginal weig
40、ht of the specimen.6.3.2 Suspend the dried specimens in distilled, rain, or tapwater that is known to have no effect on test results; heat toboiling; boil for 5 h, and then cool in the water to ambienttemperature. Take care that no fragments are broken from thespecimens by physical disturbance durin
41、g the test. When cool,remove the specimens from the water, and drain for not morethan 1 min. Then remove the superficial moisture by a dampcloth and weigh the specimens immediately.6.4 Calculation and Report:6.4.1 Calculate the absorption of each specimen as percent-age of the initial dry weight as
42、follows:Absorption, % 5 SW 2 DW!/DW 3 100 (1)where:DW = initial dry weight of specimen, andSW = weight of specimen after boiling 5 h.6.4.2 Report the result for each specimen, together with theaverages for the pipe of each size and shipment.C 301 04 (2009)37. Hydrostatic Pressure Test7.1 When the pi
43、pe is subjected to an internal hydrostaticpressure of 10 psi (69 kPa) for the elapsed time shown in thefollowing table, there shall be no leakage on the exterior of thepipe. At the option of the manufacturer, water within approxi-mately 5F (3C) of the ambient air temperature may beintroduced into th
44、e pipe for control of condensation. Moistureappearing on the surface of the pipe in the form of beadsadhering to the surface shall not be considered leakage.However, moisture which starts to run on the pipe shall beconstrued as leakage regardless of quantity.Testing Time for PipesThickness of Barrel
45、,in. (mm)Test Time,minUp to and including 1 (25) 7Over 1 (25) and including 112 (38) 9Over 112 (38) and including 2 (51) 12Over 2 (51) and including 212 (64) 15Over 212 (64) and including 3 (76) 18Over 3 (76) 218. Acid Resistance8.1 Determine the acid resistance of clay pipe by theextraction of acid
46、-soluble matter.8.2 ReagentWhen testing with sulfuric (H2SO4), hydro-chloric (HCl), nitric (HNO3), or acetic acid (CH3COOH), asspecified by the purchaser, a 1 N acid solution shall be used.NOTE 2These 1 N solutions should contain, respectively, 49, 36.5, 63,and 60 g of the acid per litre of solution
47、. For the purpose of these tests thesolutions can be prepared by taking the following volumes of acid anddiluting to 1 L; H2SO4(sp gr 1.84), 28.5 mL; HCl (sp gr 1.19), 88.9 mL;HNO3(sp gr 1.42), 65 mL; and glacial acetic acid (sp gr 1.05), 57.7 mL.8.3 Test Specimens:8.3.1 The specimens for acid resis
48、tance tests shall be about2 in. (51 mm) square, and weigh not more than 200 g. Theyshall be sound pieces with all edges freshly broken, free ofcracks or shattered edges, and shall be thoroughly cleaned.8.3.2 Test at least one specimen from each size of pipe.8.4 Weighing ApparatusThe balance used in
49、weighing thespecimens shall be sensitive to 0.01 g when loaded with 200 g.8.5 Procedure:8.5.1 Dry the specimens to constant weight at a temperaturenot less than 230F (110C).8.5.2 Suspend the dried specimens in the acid at a tempera-ture between 70 and 90F (21 and 32C) for a period of 48 h,then remove them from the solution and thoroughly wash withhot water, allowing the washings to run into the solution inwhich the specimen was immersed. Filter the solution andwash the filter with hot water, adding the washings to thefiltrate. Add 5 mL of H2SO4(sp gr
