1、Designation: C311/C311M 16Standard Test Methods forSampling and Testing Fly Ash or Natural Pozzolans for Usein Portland-Cement Concrete1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C311/C311M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the c
2、ase of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 Th
3、ese test methods cover procedures for sampling andtesting fly ash and raw or calcined pozzolans for use inportland-cement concrete.1.2 The procedures appear in the following order:SectionsSampling 7CHEMICAL ANALYSISReagents and apparatus 10Moisture content 11 and 12Loss on ignition 13 and 14Silicon
4、dioxide, aluminum oxide, iron oxide, calciumoxide, magnesium oxide, sulfur trioxide, sodiumoxideand potassium oxide 15Available alkali 16 and 17Ammonia 18PHYSICAL TESTSDensity 19Fineness 20Increase of drying shrinkage of mortar bars 2123Soundness 24Air-entrainment of mortar 25 and 26Strength activit
5、y index with portland cement 2730Water requirement 31Effectiveness of Fly Ash or Natural Pozzolan inControlling Alkali-Silica Reactions 32Effectiveness of Fly Ash or Natural Pozzolan inContributing to Sulfate Resistance 341.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded
6、 separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.NOTE 1Sieve size is identified by its standard designation in Spe
7、ci-fication E11. The alternative designation given in parentheses is forinformation only and does not represent a different standard sieve size.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standa
8、rd to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 The text of this standard references notes and footnotesthat provide explanatory information. These notes and foot-notes (excluding those in tables) shall not be consi
9、dered asrequirements of this standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C33/C33M Specification for Concrete AggregatesC109/C109M Test Method for Compressive Strength ofHydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or 50-mm CubeSpecimens)C114 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of HydraulicCementC125
10、 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Ag-gregatesC150/C150M Specification for Portland CementC151/C151M Test Method for Autoclave Expansion of Hy-draulic CementC157/C157M Test Method for Length Change of HardenedHydraulic-Cement Mortar and ConcreteC185 Test Method for Air Content of Hydraul
11、ic CementMortarC188 Test Method for Density of Hydraulic CementC204 Test Methods for Fineness of Hydraulic Cement byAir-Permeability ApparatusC219 Terminology Relating to Hydraulic CementC226 Specification for Air-Entraining Additions for Use inthe Manufacture of Air-Entraining Hydraulic Cement1Thes
12、e test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 onConcrete and Concrete Aggregates and are the direct responsibility of Subcommit-tee C09.24 on Supplementary Cementitious Materials.Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2016. Published January 2016. Originallyapproved in 1953. Last previo
13、us edition approved in 2013 as C311/C311M13.DOI: 10.1520/C0311_C0311M-16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe A
14、STM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standard
15、ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1C227 Test Method for Potential Alkali Reactivity ofCement-Aggregate Combinations (Mortar-Bar
16、 Method)C430 Test Method for Fineness of Hydraulic Cement by the45-m (No. 325) SieveC441/C441M Test Method for Effectiveness of Pozzolans orGround Blast-Furnace Slag in Preventing Excessive Ex-pansion of Concrete Due to the Alkali-Silica ReactionC604 Test Method for True Specific Gravity of Refracto
17、ryMaterials by Gas-Comparison PycnometerC618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or CalcinedNatural Pozzolan for Use in ConcreteC670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statementsfor Test Methods for Construction MaterialsC778 Specification for Standard SandC1012/C1012M Test Method for Leng
18、th Change ofHydraulic-Cement Mortars Exposed to a Sulfate SolutionC1437 Test Method for Flow of Hydraulic Cement MortarC1697 Specification for Blended Supplementary Cementi-tious MaterialsD1426 Test Methods for Ammonia Nitrogen In WaterD4326 Test Method for Major and Minor Elements in Coaland Coke A
19、sh By X-Ray FluorescenceE11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and TestSieves2.2 ACI Document:3ACI 201.2R Guide to Durable Concrete3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, referto Terminology C125 and Terminology C219.3.2 Definitions of Terms
20、Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 composite sample, na sample that is constructed bycombining equal portions of grab or regular samples.3.2.2 established source, na source for which at least sixmonths of continuous production quality assurance recordsfrom a test frequency required for a new source are
21、 available,sampled at the source.3.2.3 grab sample, na sample that is taken in a singleoperation from a conveyor delivering to bulk storage, frombags, or from a bulk shipment.3.2.3.1 DiscussionA grab sample may or may not reflectthe composition or physical properties of a single lot of fly ashor nat
22、ural pozzolan. This type of sample can be used tocharacterize small amounts of material.3.2.4 new source, na source for which less than sixmonths of production records are available, sampled at thesource.3.2.5 regular sample, na sample that is constructed bycombining equal portions of grab samples t
23、hat were taken atpredetermined times or locations from any single lot ofmaterial.4. Significance and Use4.1 These test methods are used to develop data for com-parison with the requirements of Specification C618 or Speci-fication C1697. These test methods are based on standardizedtesting in the labo
24、ratory and are not intended to simulate jobconditions.4.1.1 Strength Activity IndexThe test for strength activityindex is used to determine whether fly ash or natural pozzolanresults in an acceptable level of strength development whenused with hydraulic cement in concrete. Since the test isperformed
25、 with mortar, the results may not provide a directcorrelation of how the fly ash or natural pozzolan willcontribute to strength in concrete.4.1.2 Chemical TestsThe chemical component determina-tions and the limits placed on each do not predict theperformance of a fly ash or natural pozzolan with hyd
26、rauliccement in concrete, but collectively help describe compositionand uniformity of the material.5. Materials5.1 Graded Standard SandThe sand used for making testspecimens for the activity index with lime or portland cementshall be natural silica sand conforming to the requirements forgraded stand
27、ard sand in Specification C778.NOTE 2Segregation of Graded SandThe graded standard sandshould be handled in such a manner as to prevent segregation, sincevariations in the grading of the sand cause variations in the consistency ofthe mortar. In emptying bins or sacks, care should be exercised to pre
28、ventthe formation of mounds of sand or craters in the sand, down the slopesof which the coarser particles will roll. Bins should be of sufficient size topermit these precautions. Devices for drawing the sand from bins bygravity should not be used.5.2 Hydrated LimeThe hydrated lime used in the testss
29、hall be reagent-grade calcium hydroxide, 95 % minimumcalculated as Ca(OH)2(Note 3), and have a minimum finenessof 2500 m2/kg as determined in accordance with Test MethodC204.NOTE 3The calcium hydroxide should be protected from exposure tocarbon dioxide. Material remaining in an opened container afte
30、r a testshould not be used for subsequent tests.5.3 Portland CementThe portland cement used in theStrengthActivity Index with Portland Cement test shall complywith the requirements of Specification C150/C150M and havea minimum compressive strength of 35 MPa (5000 psi) at 28days and total alkalies (N
31、a2O + 0.658 K2O) not less than0.50 % nor more than 0.80 %.5.3.1 The use of a locally available portland cement in theStrength Activity Index or a project cement that does not meetthe requirements of the section on Materials is permitted whenthe variations from the requirements of the section on Mate
32、rialsare reported and when the use of such portland cement isrequested.6. Sample Type and Size6.1 Grab samples and regular samples shall have a mass ofat least 2 kg (4 lb).6.2 Grab samples or regular samples taken at prescribedintervals over a period of time (see Table 1), may be combined3Available
33、fromAmerican Concrete Institute (ACI), P.O. Box 9094, FarmingtonHills, MI 48333-9094, http:/www.aci-int.org.C311/C311M 162to form a composite sample representative of the fly ash ornatural pozzolan produced during that period of time.6.3 Composite samples shall have a mass of at least 4 kg (8lb).6.4
34、 The sampling shall be done by, or under the direction of,a responsible representative of the purchaser.7. Sampling Procedure7.1 The fly ash or natural pozzolan may be sampled by anyone of the following methods:7.1.1 From Bulk Storage at Point of Discharge or from RailCars and Road TankersA sample m
35、ay be taken by siphontube during loading or by sampling tube from each loaded caror tanker. If the load is sampled at the point of discharge intothe rail car or tanker, the top surface shall be removed to adepth of at least 200 mm (8 in.) before sampling. The sampleshall be identified with at least
36、the date and shipment number.7.1.2 From Bags in StorageThe regular sample shallcomprise increments of equal size taken by sampling tube fromthree bags selected at random from one lot of bagged material.The sample shall be identified with date and lot number.7.1.3 From Conveyor Delivering to Bulk Sto
37、rageTake onesample of 2 kg (4 lb) or more of the material passing over theconveyor. This may be secured by taking the entire test samplein a single operation, known as the grab sample method, or bycombining several equal portions taken at regular intervals,known as the regular sample method.Automati
38、c samplers maybe used to obtain samples.7.2 Samples shall be treated as described in Section 8.NOTE 4Some methods of loading or delivery of fly ash or naturalpozzolan, particularly from an airstream or conveyor belt, may createstratification or segregation in the material stream. Sampling techniques
39、must be designed to ensure that the sample is representative of the materialshipped.8. Preparation and Storage of Samples8.1 Prepare composite samples for the tests required inSection 9, by arranging all grab or regular samples into groupscovering the period or quantity to be represented by thesampl
40、e. Take equal portions from each, sufficient to produce acomposite sample large enough for the tests required. Mix thecomposite sample thoroughly.8.2 Samples shall be stored in clean, airtight containersidentified with the source and lot or period of time represented.Untested portions of the sample
41、shall be retained for at leastone month after all test results have been reported.9. Testing Frequency9.1 GeneralWhen required, the purchaser shall specifythe amount of testing for available alkalies, reactivity withcement alkalies, drying shrinkage, and air-entrainment. Makeall other tests on regul
42、ar or composite samples chosen asspecified in Table 1.CHEMICAL ANALYSIS10. General10.1 All apparatus, reagents and techniques shall complywith the requirements of Test Methods C114.10.2 Purity of WaterUnless otherwise indicated, refer-ences to water shall be understood to mean distilled water orwate
43、r of equal purity.MOISTURE CONTENT11. Procedure11.1 Dry a weighed sample, as received, to constant mass inan oven at 110 6 5 C 230 6 10 F.12. Calculation12.1 Calculate the percentage of moisture to the nearest0.1 %, as follows:Moisture content, % 5 A/B! 3100 (1)where:A = mass loss during drying, and
44、B = mass as received.LOSS ON IGNITION13. Procedure13.1 Determine loss on ignition in accordance with theprocedures outlined in Test Methods C114, except that thematerial remaining from the determination of moisture contentshall be ignited to constant mass in an uncovered porcelain, notplatinum, cruc
45、ible at 750 6 50 C.14. Calculation14.1 Calculate the percentage of loss on ignition to thenearest 0.1, as follows:Loss on ignition, % 5 A/B! 3100 (2)where:A = loss in mass between 110 and 750 C,B = mass of moisture-free sample used.TABLE 1 Minimum Sampling and Testing FrequencyATest Sample TypeJobsi
46、te or NewSourceBEstablishedSourceBMoisture contentLoss on ignitionFinenessRegular Daily or each90 Mgc(100 Tons)Daily or each360 MgC(400 Tons)Density and theother tests inSpecificationC618, Tables 1and 2Composite Monthly or each1 800 MgC(2 000 Tons)Monthly or each2 900 MgC(3 200 Tons)AIt should be no
47、ted that the minimum test frequency given in Table 1 is notnecessarily the frequency needed for quality control programs on some fly ash ornatural pozzolans.BFor definitions, refer to the Terminology section.CWhichever comes first.C311/C311M 163SILICON DIOXIDE, ALUMINUM OXIDE, IRON OXIDE,CALCIUM OXI
48、DE, MAGNESIUM OXIDE, SULFURTRIOXIDE, SODIUM OXIDE AND POTASSIUM OXIDE15. Procedure15.1 Determine the percentages of these oxides as requiredin accordance with the applicable sections of Test MethodsC114 for materials having an insoluble residue greater than1%(Note 5). Analysts performing sodium oxid
49、e and potas-sium oxide determinations shall observe the precautions out-lined in the applicable section of Test Methods C114. Mostpozzolans dissolve completely in lithium borate fluxes.NOTE 5Rapid and instrumental methods may be employed similar tothose in Test Methods C114 and D4326.AVAILABLE ALKALI16. Procedure16.1 Weigh 5.0 g of the sample and 2.0 g of hydrated limeon a piece of weighing paper, carefully mix using a metalspatula, and transfer to a small plastic vial of approximately25-mL capacity.Add 10.0 mL of water to this mixture, seal thev
