1、Designation: C311 11aStandard Test Methods forSampling and Testing Fly Ash or Natural Pozzolans for Usein Portland-Cement Concrete1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C311; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revi
2、sion, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 These test methods
3、 cover procedures for sampling andtesting fly ash and raw or calcined pozzolans for use inportland-cement concrete.1.2 The procedures appear in the following order:SectionsSampling 7CHEMICAL ANALYSISReagents and apparatus 10Moisture content 11 and 12Loss on ignition 13 and 14Silicon dioxide, aluminu
4、m oxide, iron oxide, calcium oxide,magnesium oxide, sulfur trioxide, sodium oxideand potassium oxide 15Available alkali 16 and 17Ammonia 18PHYSICAL TESTSDensity 19Fineness 20Increase of drying shrinkage of mortar bars 21-23Soundness 24Air-entrainment of mortar 25 and 26Strength activity index with p
5、ortland cement 27-30Water requirement 31Effectiveness of Fly Ash or Natural Pozzolan inControlling Alkali-Silica Reactions 32Effectiveness of Fly Ash or Natural Pozzolan inContributing to Sulfate Resistance 341.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in pa
6、rentheses are provided forinformation purposes only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of
7、 regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 The text of this standard references notes and footnotesthat provide explanatory information. These notes and foot-notes (excluding those in tables) shall not be considered asrequirements of this standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C33 Specifi
8、cation for Concrete AggregatesC109/C109M Test Method for Compressive Strength ofHydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or 50-mm CubeSpecimens)C114 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of HydraulicCementC150 Specification for Portland CementC151 Test Method for Autoclave Expansion of HydraulicCementC157
9、/C157M Test Method for Length Change of HardenedHydraulic-Cement Mortar and ConcreteC185 Test Method for Air Content of Hydraulic CementMortarC188 Test Method for Density of Hydraulic CementC204 Test Methods for Fineness of Hydraulic Cement byAir-Permeability ApparatusC226 Specification for Air-Entr
10、aining Additions for Use inthe Manufacture of Air-Entraining Hydraulic CementC227 Test Method for Potential Alkali Reactivity ofCement-Aggregate Combinations (Mortar-Bar Method)C430 Test Method for Fineness of Hydraulic Cement by the45-m (No. 325) SieveC441 Test Method for Effectiveness of Pozzolans
11、 orGround Blast-Furnace Slag in Preventing Excessive Ex-pansion of Concrete Due to the Alkali-Silica ReactionC604 Test Method for True Specific Gravity of RefractoryMaterials by Gas-Comparison PycnometerC618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or CalcinedNatural Pozzolan for Use in ConcreteC670 P
12、ractice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statementsfor Test Methods for Construction MaterialsC778 Specification for Sand1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 onConcrete and Concrete Aggregates and are the direct responsibility of Subcommit-tee C09.24 on Supplementary
13、Cementitious Materials.Current edition approved June 15, 2011. Published July 2011. Originallyapproved in 1953. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as C31111 DOI:10.1520/C0311-11a.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.
14、org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United Stat
15、es.C1012 Test Method for Length Change of Hydraulic-Cement Mortars Exposed to a Sulfate SolutionC1437 Test Method for Flow of Hydraulic Cement MortarD1426 Test Methods for Ammonia Nitrogen In WaterD4326 Test Method for Major and Minor Elements in Coaland Coke Ash By X-Ray Fluorescence2.2 ACI Documen
16、t:3ACI 201.2R Guide to Durable Concrete3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 composite samplea sample that is constructed bycombining equal portions of grab or regular samples.3.1.2 established sourcea source for which at least sixmonths of continuous production qual
17、ity assurance recordsfrom a test frequency required for a new source are available,sampled at the source.3.1.3 grab samplea sample that is taken in a singleoperation from a conveyor delivering to bulk storage, frombags, or from a bulk shipment. Such a sample may, or may not,reflect the composition o
18、r physical properties of a single lot offly ash or natural pozzolan. This type of sample can be used tocharacterize small amounts of material.3.1.4 jobsite or new sourcea source for which less thansix months of production records are available, sampled at thesource.3.1.5 lotspecific quantity of fly
19、ash or natural pozzolanoffered for inspection at any one time.Alot may be one storagebin or the contents of one or more transport units representingmaterial drawn from the same storage bin.3.1.6 regular samplea sample that is constructed bycombining equal portions of grab samples that were taken atp
20、redetermined times or locations from any single lot ofmaterial.4. Significance and Use4.1 These test methods are used to develop data for com-parison with the requirements of Specification C618. These testmethods are based on standardized testing in the laboratory andare not intended to simulate job
21、 conditions.4.1.1 Strength Activity IndexThe test for strength activityindex is used to determine whether fly ash or natural pozzolanresults in an acceptable level of strength development whenused with hydraulic cement in concrete. Since the test isperformed with mortar, the results may not provide
22、a directcorrelation of how the fly ash or natural pozzolan willcontribute to strength in concrete.4.1.2 Chemical Tests The chemical component determi-nations and the limits placed on each do not predict theperformance of a fly ash or natural pozzolan with hydrauliccement in concrete, but collectivel
23、y help describe compositionand uniformity of the material.5. Materials5.1 Graded Standard SandThe sand used for making testspecimens for the activity index with lime or portland cementshall be natural silica sand conforming to the requirements forgraded standard sand in Specification C778.NOTE 1Segr
24、egation of Graded SandThe graded standard sandshould be handled in such a manner as to prevent segregation, sincevariations in the grading of the sand cause variations in the consistency ofthe mortar. In emptying bins or sacks, care should be exercised to preventthe formation of mounds of sand or cr
25、aters in the sand, down the slopesof which the coarser particles will roll. Bins should be of sufficient size topermit these precautions. Devices for drawing the sand from bins bygravity should not be used.5.2 Hydrated Lime The hydrated lime used in the testsshall be reagent-grade calcium hydroxide,
26、 95 % minimumcalculated as Ca(OH)2(Note 2), and have a minimum finenessof 2500 m2/kg as determined in accordance with Test MethodC204.NOTE 2The calcium hydroxide should be protected from exposure tocarbon dioxide. Material remaining in an opened container after a testshould not be used for subsequen
27、t tests.5.3 Portland Cement The portland cement used in theStrengthActivity Index with Portland Cement test shall complywith the requirements of Specification C150 and have aminimum compressive strength of 35 MPa (5000 psi) at 28days and total alkalies (Na2O + 0.658 K2O) not less than0.50 % nor more
28、 than 0.80 %.5.3.1 The use of a locally available portland cement in theStrength Activity Index or a project cement that does not meetthe requirements of the section on Materials is permitted whenthe variations from the requirements of the section on Materialsare reported and when the use of such po
29、rtland cement isrequested.6. Sample Type and Size6.1 Grab samples and regular samples shall have a mass ofat least 2 kg (4 lb).6.2 Grab samples or regular samples taken at prescribedintervals over a period of time (see Table 1), may be combinedto form a composite sample representative of the fly ash
30、 ornatural pozzolan produced during that period of time.6.3 Composite samples shall have a mass of at least 4 kg (8lb).6.4 The sampling shall be done by, or under the direction of,a responsible representative of the purchaser.7. Sampling Procedure7.1 The fly ash or natural pozzolan may be sampled by
31、 anyone of the following methods:3Available from American Concrete Institute (ACI), P.O. Box 9094, FarmingtonHills, MI 48333-9094, http:/www.aci-int.org.TABLE 1 Minimum Sampling and Testing FrequencyATest Sample TypeJobsite or NewSourceBEstablishedSourceBMoisture contentLoss on ignitionFinenessRegul
32、ar Daily or each90 Mgc(100 Tons)Daily or each360 MgC(400 Tons)Density and the othertests in SpecificationC618, Tables 1 and 2Composite Monthly or each1 800 MgC(2 000Tons)Monthly or each2 900 MgC(3 200 Tons)AIt should be noted that the minimum test frequency given in Table 1 is notnecessarily the fre
33、quency needed for quality control programs on some fly ash ornatural pozzolans.BFor definitions, refer to the Terminology section.CWhichever comes first.C311 11a27.1.1 From Bulk Storage at Point of Discharge or from RailCars and Road TankersA sample may be taken by siphontube during loading or by sa
34、mpling tube from each loaded caror tanker. If the load is sampled at the point of discharge intothe rail car or tanker, the top surface shall be removed to adepth of at least 200 mm (8 in.) before sampling. The sampleshall be identified with at least the date and shipment number.7.1.2 From Bags in S
35、torageThe regular sample shallcomprise increments of equal size taken by sampling tube fromthree bags selected at random from one lot of bagged material.The sample shall be identified with date and lot number.7.1.3 From Conveyor Delivering to Bulk StorageTakeone sample of 2 kg (4 lb) or more of the
36、material passing overthe conveyor. This may be secured by taking the entire testsample in a single operation, known as the grab samplemethod, or by combining several equal portions taken atregular intervals, known as the regular sample method. Auto-matic samplers may be used to obtain samples.7.2 Sa
37、mples shall be treated as described in Section 8.NOTE 3Some methods of loading or delivery of fly ash or naturalpozzolan, particularly from an airstream or conveyor belt, may createstratification or segregation in the material stream. Sampling techniquesmust be designed to ensure that the sample is
38、representative of the materialshipped.8. Preparation and Storage of Samples8.1 Prepare composite samples for the tests required inSection 9, by arranging all grab or regular samples into groupscovering the period or quantity to be represented by thesample. Take equal portions from each, sufficient t
39、o produce acomposite sample large enough for the tests required. Mix thecomposite sample thoroughly.8.2 Samples shall be stored in clean, airtight containersidentified with the source and lot or period of time represented.Untested portions of the sample shall be retained for at leastone month after
40、all test results have been reported.9. Testing Frequency9.1 GeneralWhen required, the purchaser shall specifythe amount of testing for available alkalies, reactivity withcement alkalies, drying shrinkage, and air-entrainment. Makeall other tests on regular or composite samples chosen asspecified in
41、Table 1.CHEMICAL ANALYSIS10. General10.1 All apparatus, reagents and techniques shall complywith the requirements of Test Methods C114.10.2 Purity of Water Unless otherwise indicated, refer-ences to water shall be understood to mean distilled water orwater of equal purity.MOISTURE CONTENT11. Procedu
42、re11.1 Dry a weighed sample, as received, to constant weightin an oven at 105 to 110 C (221 to 230 F).12. Calculation12.1 Calculate the percentage of moisture to the nearest0.1 %, as follows:Moisture content, %5A/B!3100 (1)where:A = mass loss during drying, andB = mass as received.LOSS ON IGNITION13
43、. Procedure13.1 Determine loss on ignition in accordance with theprocedures outlined in Test Methods C114, except that thematerial remaining from the determination of moisture contentshall be ignited to constant mass in an uncovered porcelain, notplatinum, crucible at 750 6 50 C (1382 6 190 F).14. C
44、alculation14.1 Calculate the percentage of loss on ignition to thenearest 0.1, as follows:Loss on ignition, %5A/B!3100 (2)where:A = loss in mass between 105 and 750 C (221 and 1382F),B = mass of moisture-free sample used.SILICON DIOXIDE, ALUMINUM OXIDE, IRON OXIDE,CALCIUM OXIDE, MAGNESIUM OXIDE, SUL
45、FURTRIOXIDE, SODIUM OXIDE AND POTASSIUM OXIDE15. Procedure15.1 Determine the percentages of these oxides as requiredin accordance with the applicable sections of Test MethodsC114 for materials having an insoluble residue greater than1%(Note 4). Analysts performing sodium oxide and potas-sium oxide d
46、eterminations shall observe the precautions out-lined in the applicable section of Test Methods C114. Mostpozzolans dissolve completely in lithium borate fluxes.NOTE 4Rapid and instrumental methods may be employed similar tothose in Test Methods C114 and D4326.AVAILABLE ALKALI16. Procedure16.1 Weigh
47、 5.0 g of the sample and 2.0 g of hydrated limeon a piece of weighing paper, carefully mix using a metalspatula, and transfer to a small plastic vial of approximately25-mL capacity. Add 10.0 mL of water to this mixture, seal thevial by securing the cap or lid to the vial with tape (Note 5),blend by
48、shaking until the mixture is uniform, and store at38 6 2 C.NOTE 5To ensure that moisture loss from the paste does not occur,place the sealed vial in a sealable container (such as a small sample ormason jar), add sufficient water to cover the bottom of the container, andseal.16.2 Open the vial at the
49、 age of 28 days and transfer thecontents to a 250-mL casserole. Break up and grind the cakeC311 11a3with a pestle, adding a small amount of water, if necessary, sothat a uniform slurry containing no lumps is obtained (Note 6).Add sufficient water to make the total volume 200 mL. Letstand1hatroom temperature with frequent stirring. Filterthrough a medium-textured filter paper onto a 500-mL volu-metric flask. Wash thoroughly with hot water (eight to tentimes).NOTE 6At times it may be necessary to break the vial and peel off theplastic from the soli
