1、Designation:C31111a Designation: C311 11bStandard Test Methods forSampling and Testing Fly Ash or Natural Pozzolans for Usein Portland-Cement Concrete1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C311; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,
2、 in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.
3、1 These test methods cover procedures for sampling and testing fly ash and raw or calcined pozzolans for use inportland-cement concrete.1.2 The procedures appear in the following order:SectionsSampling 7CHEMICAL ANALYSISReagents and apparatus 10Moisture content 11 and 12Loss on ignition 13 and 14Sil
4、icon dioxide, aluminum oxide, iron oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, sulfur trioxide, sodium oxideand potassium oxide 15Available alkali 16 and 17Ammonia 18PHYSICAL TESTSDensity 19Fineness 20Increase of drying shrinkage of mortar bars 21-23Soundness 24Air-entrainment of mortar 25 and 26Strength
5、 activity index with portland cement 27-30Water requirement 31Effectiveness of Fly Ash or Natural Pozzolan inControlling Alkali-Silica Reactions 32Effectiveness of Fly Ash or Natural Pozzolan inContributing to Sulfate Resistance 341.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
6、 The values given in parentheses are provided for informationpurposes only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determin
7、e the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.1.5 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory information. These notes and footnotes(excluding those in tables) shall not be considered as requirements of this standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM S
8、tandards:2C33 Specification for Concrete AggregatesC109/C109M Test Method for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or 50-mm Cube Specimens)C114 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Hydraulic CementC125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Aggregates1These test meth
9、ods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on Concrete and Concrete Aggregates and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C09.24on Supplementary Cementitious Materials.Current edition approved June 15,Dec. 1, 2011. Published July 2011.January 2012. Originally approved in 1953. Last
10、previous edition approved in 2011 as C31111a.DOI: 10.1520/C0311-11ab.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the AST
11、M website.1This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consul
12、t prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken,
13、PA 19428-2959, United States.C150 Specification for Portland CementC151 Test Method for Autoclave Expansion of Hydraulic CementC157/C157M Test Method for Length Change of Hardened Hydraulic-Cement Mortar and ConcreteC185 Test Method for Air Content of Hydraulic Cement MortarC188 Test Method for Dens
14、ity of Hydraulic CementC204 Test Methods for Fineness of Hydraulic Cement by Air-Permeability ApparatusC219 Terminology Relating to Hydraulic CementC226 Specification for Air-Entraining Additions for Use in the Manufacture of Air-Entraining Hydraulic CementC227 Test Method for Potential Alkali React
15、ivity of Cement-Aggregate Combinations (Mortar-Bar Method)C430 Test Method for Fineness of Hydraulic Cement by the 45-m (No. 325) SieveC441 Test Method for Effectiveness of Pozzolans or Ground Blast-Furnace Slag in Preventing Excessive Expansion of ConcreteDue to the Alkali-Silica ReactionC604 Test
16、Method for True Specific Gravity of Refractory Materials by Gas-Comparison PycnometerC618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in ConcreteC670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements for Test Methods for Construction MaterialsC778 Specification for
17、 SandC1012 Test Method for Length Change of Hydraulic-Cement Mortars Exposed to a Sulfate SolutionC1437 Test Method for Flow of Hydraulic Cement MortarC1697 Specification for Blended Supplementary Cementitious MaterialsD1426 Test Methods for Ammonia Nitrogen In WaterD4326 Test Method for Major and M
18、inor Elements in Coal and Coke Ash By X-Ray Fluorescence2.2 ACI Document:3ACI 201.2R Guide to Durable Concrete3. Terminology3.1Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology C125 and Terminology C219.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This
19、Standard:3.1.1composite sample3.2.1 composite sample, na sample that is constructed by combining equal portions of grab or regular samples.3.1.2established source3.2.2 established source, na source for which at least six months of continuous production quality assurance records from atest frequency
20、required for a new source are available, sampled at the source.3.1.33.2.3 grab sample, na sample that is taken in a single operation from a conveyor delivering to bulk storage, from bags,or from a bulk shipment. Such a3.2.3.1 DiscussionA grab sample may,may or may not,not reflect the composition or
21、physical properties of a single lot of flyash or natural pozzolan. This type of sample can be used to characterize small amounts of material.3.1.43.2.4 jobsite or new source, na source for which less than six months of production records are available, sampled atthe source.3.1.5lotspecific quantity
22、of fly ash or natural pozzolan offered for inspection at any one time. A lot may be one storage binor the contents of one or more transport units representing material drawn from the same storage bin.3.1.6regular sample3.2.5 regular sample, na sample that is constructed by combining equal portions o
23、f grab samples that were taken atpredetermined times or locations from any single lot of material.4. Significance and Use4.1 These test methods are used to develop data for comparison with the requirements of Specification C618 or SpecificationC1697. These test methods are based on standardized test
24、ing in the laboratory and are not intended to simulate job conditions.4.1.1 Strength Activity IndexThe test for strength activity index is used to determine whether fly ash or natural pozzolanresults in an acceptable level of strength development when used with hydraulic cement in concrete. Since th
25、e test is performedwith mortar, the results may not provide a direct correlation of how the fly ash or natural pozzolan will contribute to strength inconcrete.4.1.2 Chemical Tests The chemical component determinations and the limits placed on each do not predict the performanceof a fly ash or natura
26、l pozzolan with hydraulic cement in concrete, but collectively help describe composition and uniformity ofthe material.3Available from American Concrete Institute (ACI), P.O. Box 9094, Farmington Hills, MI 48333-9094, http:/www.aci-int.org.C311 11b25. Materials5.1 Graded Standard SandThe sand used f
27、or making test specimens for the activity index with lime or portland cement shallbe natural silica sand conforming to the requirements for graded standard sand in Specification C778.NOTE 1Segregation of Graded SandThe graded standard sand should be handled in such a manner as to prevent segregation
28、, since variations inthe grading of the sand cause variations in the consistency of the mortar. In emptying bins or sacks, care should be exercised to prevent the formationof mounds of sand or craters in the sand, down the slopes of which the coarser particles will roll. Bins should be of sufficient
29、 size to permit theseprecautions. Devices for drawing the sand from bins by gravity should not be used.5.2 Hydrated Lime The hydrated lime used in the tests shall be reagent-grade calcium hydroxide, 95 % minimum calculatedas Ca(OH)2(Note 2), and have a minimum fineness of 2500 m2/kg as determined in
30、 accordance with Test Method C204.NOTE 2The calcium hydroxide should be protected from exposure to carbon dioxide. Material remaining in an opened container after a test shouldnot be used for subsequent tests.5.3 Portland Cement The portland cement used in the Strength Activity Index with Portland C
31、ement test shall comply withthe requirements of Specification C150 and have a minimum compressive strength of 35 MPa (5000 psi) at 28 days and totalalkalies (Na2O + 0.658 K2O) not less than 0.50 % nor more than 0.80 %.5.3.1 The use of a locally available portland cement in the Strength Activity Inde
32、x or a project cement that does not meet therequirements of the section on Materials is permitted when the variations from the requirements of the section on Materials arereported and when the use of such portland cement is requested.6. Sample Type and Size6.1 Grab samples and regular samples shall
33、have a mass of at least 2 kg (4 lb).6.2 Grab samples or regular samples taken at prescribed intervals over a period of time (see Table 1), may be combined to forma composite sample representative of the fly ash or natural pozzolan produced during that period of time.6.3 Composite samples shall have
34、a mass of at least 4 kg (8 lb).6.4 The sampling shall be done by, or under the direction of, a responsible representative of the purchaser.7. Sampling Procedure7.1 The fly ash or natural pozzolan may be sampled by any one of the following methods:7.1.1 From Bulk Storage at Point of Discharge or from
35、 Rail Cars and Road TankersA sample may be taken by siphon tubeduring loading or by sampling tube from each loaded car or tanker. If the load is sampled at the point of discharge into the railcar or tanker, the top surface shall be removed to a depth of at least 200 mm (8 in.) before sampling. The s
36、ample shall be identifiedwith at least the date and shipment number.7.1.2 From Bags in StorageThe regular sample shall comprise increments of equal size taken by sampling tube from threebags selected at random from one lot of bagged material. The sample shall be identified with date and lot number.7
37、.1.3 From Conveyor Delivering to Bulk StorageTake one sample of 2 kg (4 lb) or more of the material passing over theconveyor. This may be secured by taking the entire test sample in a single operation, known as the grab sample method, or bycombining several equal portions taken at regular intervals,
38、 known as the regular sample method.Automatic samplers may be usedto obtain samples.7.2 Samples shall be treated as described in Section 8.NOTE 3Some methods of loading or delivery of fly ash or natural pozzolan, particularly from an airstream or conveyor belt, may create stratificationor segregatio
39、n in the material stream. Sampling techniques must be designed to ensure that the sample is representative of the material shipped.8. Preparation and Storage of Samples8.1 Prepare composite samples for the tests required in Section 9, by arranging all grab or regular samples into groups coveringthe
40、period or quantity to be represented by the sample. Take equal portions from each, sufficient to produce a composite samplelarge enough for the tests required. Mix the composite sample thoroughly.TABLE 1 Minimum Sampling and Testing FrequencyATest Sample TypeJobsite or NewSourceBEstablishedSourceBMo
41、isture contentLoss on ignitionFinenessRegular Daily or each90 Mgc(100 Tons)Daily or each360 MgC(400 Tons)Density and the othertests in SpecificationC618, Tables 1 and 2Composite Monthly or each1 800 MgC(2 000Tons)Monthly or each2 900 MgC(3 200 Tons)AIt should be noted that the minimum test frequency
42、 given in Table 1 is notnecessarily the frequency needed for quality control programs on some fly ash ornatural pozzolans.BFor definitions, refer to the Terminology section.CWhichever comes first.C311 11b38.2 Samples shall be stored in clean, airtight containers identified with the source and lot or
43、 period of time represented. Untestedportions of the sample shall be retained for at least one month after all test results have been reported.9. Testing Frequency9.1 GeneralWhen required, the purchaser shall specify the amount of testing for available alkalies, reactivity with cementalkalies, dryin
44、g shrinkage, and air-entrainment. Make all other tests on regular or composite samples chosen as specified in Table1.CHEMICAL ANALYSIS10. General10.1 All apparatus, reagents and techniques shall comply with the requirements of Test Methods C114.10.2 Purity of Water Unless otherwise indicated, refere
45、nces to water shall be understood to mean distilled water or water ofequal purity.MOISTURE CONTENT11. Procedure11.1 Dry a weighed sample, as received, to constant weight in an oven at 105 to 110 C (221 to 230 F).12. Calculation12.1 Calculate the percentage of moisture to the nearest 0.1 %, as follow
46、s:Moisture content, % 5A/B!3100 (1)where:A = mass loss during drying, andB = mass as received.LOSS ON IGNITION13. Procedure13.1 Determine loss on ignition in accordance with the procedures outlined in Test Methods C114, except that the materialremaining from the determination of moisture content sha
47、ll be ignited to constant mass in an uncovered porcelain, not platinum,crucible at 750 6 50 C (1382 6 190 F).14. Calculation14.1 Calculate the percentage of loss on ignition to the nearest 0.1, as follows:Loss on ignition, %5A/B!3100 (2)where:A = loss in mass between 105 and 750 C (221 and 1382 F),B
48、 = mass of moisture-free sample used.SILICON DIOXIDE, ALUMINUM OXIDE, IRON OXIDE, CALCIUM OXIDE, MAGNESIUM OXIDE, SULFUR TRIOXIDE,SODIUM OXIDE AND POTASSIUM OXIDE15. Procedure15.1 Determine the percentages of these oxides as required in accordance with the applicable sections of Test Methods C114for
49、 materials having an insoluble residue greater than 1 % (Note 4). Analysts performing sodium oxide and potassium oxidedeterminations shall observe the precautions outlined in the applicable section of Test Methods C114. Most pozzolans dissolvecompletely in lithium borate fluxes.NOTE 4Rapid and instrumental methods may be employed similar to those in Test Methods C114 and D4326.AVAILABLE ALKALI16. Procedure16.1 Weigh 5.0 g of the sample and 2.0 g of hydrated lime on a piece of weighing paper, carefully mix using a metal spatula,and transfer to a sma
