1、Designation: C338 93 (Reapproved 2013)Standard Test Method forSoftening Point of Glass1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C338; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in
2、 parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the soft-ening poi
3、nt of a glass by determining the temperature at whicha round fiber of the glass, nominally 0.65 mm in diameter and235 mm long with specified tolerances, elongates under its ownweight at a rate of 1 mm/min when the upper 100 mm of itslength is heated in a specified furnace at the rate of 5 61C/min.1.
4、2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
5、priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Significance and Use2.1 This test method is useful to determine approximatelythe temperature below which the glass behaves as a rigid solidin glass-forming operations and for a control test
6、to indicatechanges in composition. It has been found useful for specifi-cation acceptance and for providing information in researchand development work with glass.3. Apparatus3.1 The apparatus for determining the softening point ofglass shall consist essentially of an electrically heated resis-tance
7、 furnace, a furnace stand, a device for controlling theheating rate of the furnace, equipment for measuring thetemperature of the furnace, and equipment for measuring theelongation rate of a fiber of glass suspended in the furnace.3.1.1 FurnaceThe furnace shall conform in all essentialrespects to th
8、e requirements shown in Fig. 1.3.1.2 Furnace StandA means shall be provided for sup-porting the furnace so that the fiber hangs below it. This standmust be provided with a leveling device such as three screws.The stand shown in Fig. 1 is convenient when used with eithera cathetometer or a telescope
9、and scale.3.1.3 Heating Rate ControllerSuitable controls shall beprovided for maintaining the furnace heating rate at 5 61C/min.NOTE 1A continually adjustable transformer has proved effective forcontrolling the heating rate.3.1.4 Temperature-Measuring Equipment The furnacetemperature shall be measur
10、ed with a calibrated Type R or Sthermocouple and a calibrated potentiometer capable of mea-suring the true temperature of the furnace within 60.2C. Thecold junction shall be maintained at 0C by means of an icebath. An alternative acceptable means of temperature measure-ment is the use of a potentiom
11、eter to oppose the thermocoupleelectromotive force. This potentiometer shall be set at astandard setting for the type of glass being measured, andgalvanometer deflection shall serve as a means of obtainingrelative temperatures, the deflection of the galvanometer hav-ing been calibrated. Also accepta
12、ble for temperature measure-ment is a solid-state digital thermometer that is capable of theaccuracy specified.3.1.5 Fiber-Elongation Measurement EquipmentThe fiberelongation shall be measured by a device capable of measuringthe position of the end of the fiber within 0.02 mm throughoutthe entire el
13、ongation period.NOTE 2Suitable devices that have proved effective for measuring theelongation are cathetometers, projection magnifiers, and telescope andscale combinations.3.1.6 TimerA timing device with a least count and accu-racy of 1 s shall be used.4. Preparation of Test Specimens4.1 The fiber s
14、pecimen used for the test shall meet thefollowing requirements:4.1.1 It shall be round.4.1.2 It shall be smooth and shall contain no void spots orforeign matter.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C14 on Glassand Glass Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommitt
15、ee C14.04 onPhysical and Mechanical Properties.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2013. Published October 2013. Originallyapproved in 1954. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as C338 93 (2008).DOI: 10.1520/C0338-93R13.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohoc
16、ken, PA 19428-2959. United States1FIG. 1 Details of Softening Point FurnaceC338 93 (2013)24.1.3 Its average diameter shall be 0.65 6 0.10 mm and themaximum diameter shall not exceed the minimum diameter bymore than 0.02 mm over the entire length of the fiber.4.1.4 It shall be 235 6 1 mm in length, n
17、ot including the topbead. Test fibers conforming to these requirements may bedrawn by attaching a clean sample of the glass under testbetween two infusible rods (such as platinum-group alloys,porcelain, or fused silica) and flame-working the sample untilthe glass is sufficiently fluid to be drawn in
18、to a fiber. If thesample is in long stick cane form, it may be flame-workeddirectly without attaching it to a handle. Acceptable fibersections may then be broken from the fiber and a bead formedon one end of the fiber section by fusing in the flame. Theopposite end shall then be broken to the specif
19、ied length andthe tip may be fire-polished if desired.5. Calibration with Standard Glass5.1 Calibration of the apparatus shall be done by measuringin duplicate the softening point of appropriate calibrating orstandard glass(es),2the softening points of which are near tothat of the test glass. Comput
20、e the difference between theaverage measured softening point and the certified softeningpoint for the standard glass(es), and the average of thesedifferences. If the average difference is greater than 1C fromthe certified values, add or subtract this difference as acorrection factor to the measured
21、softening points of theunknown glasses.6. Procedure6.1 To equalize the heat distribution of the furnace, heat thefiber furnace to about 30C above the expected softening pointof the glass under test. Then cool the furnace to about 20Cbelow the expected softening point and determine the settingson the
22、 heating rate controller that will give a heating rate of 56 1C/min.6.2 Again, cool and hold the furnace about 20C below theexpected softening point and insert the fiber in the furnace byplacing the bead end in the furnace sample holder. Check thefiber to be certain it is hanging free in the center
23、of the furnaceand relevel the furnace if necessary. Standardize the potenti-ometer and adjust the elongation measuring equipment.6.3 Set the furnace control for a heating rate of 5 61C/min. Observe the fiber as the furnace heats, and when itbegins to elongate at the rate of approximately 0.1 mm/min,
24、start recording the fiber length to within 0.02 mm. Take alength reading at the end of each minute and take thetemperature of the furnace at each12-min point. Continue toread and record the length and the temperature until theelongation becomes 1.2 mm or greater in a 1-min period. Whenthe elongation
25、 exceeds 1.2 mm in a 1-min interval, remove thefiber and cool the furnace for a duplicate run. An alternativeacceptable method is to read the length at 1- and12-min points,and the temperature at the14- and34-min points, continuing toread and record length and temperature until the elongationbecomes
26、0.6 mm or greater in a12-min period.7. Calculation7.1 Determine the temperature at which the elongation is 1mm/min. This may be done by any reliable method, one ofwhich is as follows. Plot the data on semi-log paper, thepotentiometer or temperature readings on the uniform scale,and the difference be
27、tween length readings per unit time on thelog scale. The point at which a straight line drawn through thepoints crosses the 1.0-mm/min line shall be taken as theindicated softening point. Make the calibration corrections asspecified in Section 5 if necessary.8. Report8.1 Report the following informa
28、tion:8.1.1 Designation of the material, name of the manufacturer,and identifying production data, when known,8.1.2 Identification of the softening point apparatus used,8.1.3 Average softening point temperature, and8.1.4 Date of test and name of operator.9. Precision and Bias9.1 This test method in g
29、eneral will yield softening pointswithin 1C on duplicate checks. The accuracy of results shouldbe checked by determining the softening point of appropriatestandard glasses2as indicated in the calibration procedure(Section 5).ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent
30、rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at
31、any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments
32、 will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by
33、 ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail)
34、; or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).2Calibrating glasses known as standard reference materials (SRMs) are availablefrom the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).
35、See Table 1 ofNIST Special Publication 260, SRM Program, NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899.Glass SRMs available and their certified values are listed in the back of Vol 15.021999 Annual Book of ASTM Standards.The sole source of supply of the SRMs known to the committee at this time isNational Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). If you are aware ofalternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM InternationalHeadquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee,1which you may attend.C338 93 (2013)3
