1、Designation: C361 12Standard Specification forReinforced Concrete Low-Head Pressure Pipe1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C361; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number
2、in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers reinforced concrete pipe in-tended
3、to be used for the construction of pressure pipelineswith low internal hydrostatic heads generally not exceeding125 ft.1.2 This specification is the inch-pound companion toSpecification C361; therefore, no SI equivalents are presentedin the specification.NOTE 1Field tests on completed portions of th
4、e pipeline are notcovered by this specification for the manufacture of the pipe but should beincluded in specifications for pipe laying.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A27/A27M Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon, forGeneral ApplicationA36/A36M Specification for Carbon Structural Ste
5、elA82/A82M Specification for Steel Wire, Plain, for ConcreteReinforcementA185/A185M Specification for Steel Welded WireReinforcement, Plain, for ConcreteA283/A283M Specification for Low and Intermediate Ten-sile Strength Carbon Steel PlatesA496/A496M Specification for Steel Wire, Deformed, forConcre
6、te ReinforcementA497/A497M Specification for Steel Welded WireReinforcement, Deformed, for ConcreteA575 Specification for Steel Bars, Carbon, MerchantQuality, M-GradesA576 Specification for Steel Bars, Carbon, Hot-Wrought,Special QualityA615/A615M Specification for Deformed and Plain Carbon-Steel Ba
7、rs for Concrete ReinforcementA675/A675M Specification for Steel Bars, Carbon, Hot-Wrought, Special Quality, Mechanical PropertiesA706/A706M Specification for Low-Alloy Steel Deformedand Plain Bars for Concrete ReinforcementA1008/A1008M Specification for Steel, Sheet, Cold-Rolled,Carbon, Structural,
8、High-Strength Low-Alloy, High-Strength Low-Alloy with Improved Formability, SolutionHardened, and Bake HardenableA1011/A1011M Specification for Steel, Sheet and Strip,Hot-Rolled, Carbon, Structural, High-Strength Low-Alloy, High-Strength Low-Alloy with ImprovedFormability, and Ultra-High StrengthC31
9、/C31M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete TestSpecimens in the FieldC33 Specification for Concrete AggregatesC39/C39M Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylin-drical Concrete SpecimensC150 Specification for Portland CementC260 Specification for Air-Entraining Admixtures for Con-creteC309 Sp
10、ecification for Liquid Membrane-Forming Com-pounds for Curing ConcreteC497M Test Methods for Concrete Pipe, Manhole Sections,or Tile MetricC595 Specification for Blended Hydraulic CementsC618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or CalcinedNatural Pozzolan for Use in ConcreteC655 Specification for
11、 Reinforced Concrete D-LoadCulvert, Storm Drain, and Sewer PipeC822 Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe and RelatedProductsC1619 Specification for Elastomeric Seals for Joining Con-crete StructuresD698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft
12、-lbf/ft3(600kN-m/m3)D4253 Test Methods for Maximum Index Density and UnitWeight of Soils Using a Vibratory TableD4254 Test Methods for Minimum Index Density and UnitWeight of Soils and Calculation of Relative Density1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 onConcrete Pipe
13、and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C13.04 on Low HeadPressure Pipe.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2012. Published December 2012. Originallyapproved in 1955. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as C361 11. DOI:10.1520/C0361-12.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website,
14、 www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12.
15、2 Other Standards:ACI Code 318 Standard Building Code Requirements forReinforced Concrete3AISI-C 10124ASCE 15-93 Standard Practice for Direct Design of BuriedPrecast Concrete Pipe Using Standard Installations(SIDD)3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms relating to concretepipe, see Te
16、rminology C822.4. Classification4.1 Pipe manufactured according to this specification shallbe for hydrostatic heads of 25, 50, 75, 100, and 125 ft measuredto the centerline of the pipe. Designs are provided in Table 1for the above hydrostatic heads combined with external load-ings of 5, 10, 15, and
17、20 ft (designated A, B, C, and D in Table1) of earth cover over the top of the pipe under specificinstallation conditions. The specific installation conditions arecovered in Appendix X1. Where the hydrostatic head, externalloadings, and installation conditions vary from those given inTable 1 and App
18、endix X1, detailed design calculations shall bemade. The design criteria for Table 1 are presented in Appen-dix X2.5. Basis of Acceptance5.1 Acceptability of the pipe in all diameters and classesshall be determined by the results of such material tests as arerequired in 6.2 through 6.9 by crushing t
19、ests on cured concretecylinders, by hydrostatic pressure tests on units of the pipe, byjoint leakage tests, and by inspection during or after manufac-ture to determine whether the pipe conforms to this specifica-tion as to design and freedom from defects.5.2 Age for AcceptancePipe shall be considere
20、d ready foracceptance when they conform to the requirements, as indi-cated by the specified tests.6. Materials6.1 Reinforced ConcreteThe reinforced concrete shallconsist of portland cement, mineral aggregates, and water, inwhich steel has been embedded in such a manner that the steeland concrete act
21、 together. Fly ash or pozzolan is not prohibitedwhen used as a partial cement replacement; see 9.1.6.2 Cementitious Materials:6.2.1 Cement:6.2.1.1 Portland CementPortland cement shall conform tothe requirements of Specification C150.6.2.1.2 Blended Hydraulic CementBlended cement shallconform to the
22、requirements of Specification C595 for Type ISportland blast furnace slag cement or Type IP portland pozzo-lan cement, except that the pozzolan constituent in the Type IPportland pozzolan cement shall not exceed 20 % by weight.6.2.2 Fly Ash or PozzolanFly ash or pozzolan shallconform to the requirem
23、ents of Specification C618.6.2.3 Allowable Cementitious MaterialsThe combinationof cementitious materials used in the concrete shall be one ofthe following:6.2.3.1 Portland cement only,6.2.3.2 Portland blast furnace slag cement only, or6.2.3.3 Portland pozzolan cement only.6.2.3.4 A combination of p
24、ortland cement and fly ash orpozzolan, wherein the proportion of fly ash or pozzolan isbetween 5 and 20 % by weight of total cementitious material(portland cement plus fly ash or pozzolan).6.3 AggregatesAggregates shall conform to SpecificationC33, except that the requirements for grading are waived
25、.6.4 AdmixturesAdmixtures, except for air-entrainingagents, shall not be added to the concrete unless permitted bythe owner. At the option of the manufacturer, or if specified bythe owner, the concrete in precast concrete pipe placed by thecast-and-vibrated method shall contain an air-entraining age
26、ntconforming to Specification C260. The amount of air-entraining agent used shall be such as will affect the entrain-ment of not more than 3 % air by volume of concrete asdischarged from the mixer.6.5 Steel ReinforcementReinforcement shall consist ofwire conforming to Specification A82/A82M, Specifi
27、cationA496/A496M, or of wire reinforcement conforming to Speci-fication A185/A185M or Specification A497/A497M,orofbars of Grades 40 or 60 steel conforming to SpecificationA615/A615M or of Grade 40 steel conforming to SpecificationA36/A36M, or Grade 60 steel conforming to SpecificationA706/A706M.6.6
28、 Steel for Joint Rings:6.6.1 Steel strips for bell rings less than14 in. thick shallconform to Grade SS30 of Specification A1011/A1011M orGrade Designation 1012 of Specification A575. Steel thatmeets the requirements of AISI-C1012 for chemical compo-nents will be acceptable provided it conforms to G
29、rade SS30 ofSpecification A1011/A1011M in other respects.6.6.2 Steel plate for bell rings14 in. or more in thickness andspecial shapes for spigot joint rings shall conform to Specifi-cation A36/A36M, or to Grade A of Specification A283/A283M, or to Grade Designation 1012 of Specification A576,or to
30、Grade 50 of Specification A675/A675M. Steel that meetsthe requirements of AISI-C1012 for chemical components willbe acceptable provided it conforms to Specification A36/A36Mor to Specification A283/A283M Min other respects.6.7 Steel Castings for FittingsSteel castings for fittingsshall conform to Gr
31、ade 70-36, Normalized, of SpecificationA27/A27M.6.8 Steel Plates and Sheets for Specials and FittingsSteel plates for specials and fittings shall conform to Specifi-cation A36/A36M or to Grade B or C of SpecificationA283/A283M or Grade SS30 or SS33 of Specification A1011/A1011M or Grade SS30 of Spec
32、ification A1008/A1008M.6.9 Rubber Gaskets:3Available fromAmerican Concrete Institute (ACI), P.O. Box 9094, FarmingtonHills, MI 48333-9094, http:/www.concrete.org.4Available from American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI), 1140 ConnecticutAve., NW, Suite 705, Washington, DC 20036, http:/www.steel.org.C
33、361 122TABLE 1 Design Requirements for Reinforced Concrete Low-Head Pressure Pipe 12 Through 144 in. Diameter, Concrete Design Strength 5000 psi except as noted, SteelReinforcement Yield Strength 40 000 psiNOTE 1See Appendix for specific installation conditions and design criteria conditions require
34、d in conjunction with the use of Table 1.NOTE 2Designations, A, B, C, and D, for class of pipe, denote 5, 10, 15, and 20 ft of earth cover over top of pipe. Figures 25, Figures 50, Figures 75, etc. for class of pipe, denote hydrostaticpressure heads in feet measured to centerline of pipe.NOTE 3An “s
35、” in place of a steel area indicates the pipe class is a special design requiring stirrup reinforcement. Stirrups may be eliminated by changing wall thickness, main reinforcement,concrete strength, or a combination thereof.NOTE 4The boldfaced value denotes 6000 psi concrete strength required.Circumf
36、erential reinforcement, in.2/linear ft of pipeInternalDesignatedDia, in.12 15 18 21 24 27Type ofReinforce-mentCircular Circular Circular Elliptical Circular Elliptical Circular Elliptical Circular EllipticalWallThickness,in.2323214 3214 3238 3238 3212 3212 3258 318 314 414 258 314Layers ofReinforce-
37、mentSingle Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Inner Outer Inner Outer Single SingleClassA-25 0.07 0.06 0.09 0.08 0.12 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.15 0.13 0.15 0.14 0.18 0.17 0.18 0.17 0.22 0.20 0.14 0.09 0.11 0.07 0.22 0.17B-25
38、 0.10 0.08 0.14 0.11 0.18 0.15 0.18 0.15 0.23 0.20 0.23 0.20 0.29 0.25 0.29 0.25 0.35 0.30 0.21 0.13 0.16 0.10 0.35 0.21C-25 0.13 0.10 0.20 0.15 0.25 0.20 0.25 0.20 0.33 0.27 0.33 0.27 0.41 0.35 0.41 0.35 0.50 0.42 0.28 0.17 0.21 0.12 0.50 0.28D-25 0.17 0.13 0.26 0.18 0.33 0.26 0.33 0.26 0.43 0.34 0
39、.43 0.34 0.55 0.45 0.55 0.45 0.68 0.55 0.36 0.21 0.26 0.14 0.68 0.36A-50 0.10 0.10 0.13 0.13 0.16 0.15 0.25 0.25 0.20 0.18 0.29 0.29 0.24 0.22 0.33 0.33 0.28 0.26 0.18 0.14 0.15 0.12 0.37 0.37B-50 0.13 0.11 0.18 0.15 0.23 0.20 0.25 0.25 0.29 0.25 0.29 0.29 0.35 0.31 0.35 0.33 0.41 0.37 0.25 0.18 0.2
40、0 0.14 0.41 0.37C-50 0.16 0.13 0.23 0.18 0.30 0.25 0.30 0.25 0.38 0.32 0.38 0.32 0.47 0.41 0.47 0.41 0.56 0.49 0.33 0.21 0.25 0.16 0.56 0.37D-50 0.20 0.15 0.29 0.22 0.37 0.30 0.37 0.30 0.48 0.40 0.48 0.40 0.60 0.51 0.60 0.51 0.74 0.62 0.40 0.25 0.30 0.19 0.74 0.40A-75 0.16 0.16 0.20 0.20 0.24 0.24 0
41、.28 0.28 0.33 0.33 0.37 0.37 0.23 0.19 0.20 0.16B-75 0.16 0.16 0.22 0.20 0.27 0.24 0.34 0.30 0.41 0.37 0.48 0.44 0.30 0.22 0.25 0.18C-75 0.19 0.16 0.27 0.22 0.34 0.29 0.43 0.37 0.53 0.46 0.63 0.55 0.37 0.26 0.30 0.21D-75 0.23 0.18 0.33 0.26 0.42 0.34 0.53 0.45 0.66 0.57 0.81 0.68 0.45 0.30 0.35 0.23
42、A-100 0.23 0.23 0.29 0.29 0.35 0.35 0.40 0.40 0.46 0.46 0.52 0.52 0.28 0.24 0.28 0.24B-100 0.23 0.23 0.29 0.29 0.35 0.35 0.40 0.40 0.46 0.46 0.55 0.52 0.35 0.27 0.29 0.23C-100 0.23 0.23 0.31 0.29 0.39 0.35 0.48 0.42 0.58 0.52 0.70 0.62 0.42 0.31 0.34 0.25D-100 0.26 0.23 0.37 0.29 0.46 0.39 0.58 0.50
43、 0.72 0.62 0.87 0.75 0.49 0.34 0.39 0.27A-125 0.31 0.31 0.39 0.39 0.46 0.46 0.54 0.54 0.62 0.62 0.69 0.69 0.37 0.32 0.37 0.32B-125 0.31 0.31 0.39 0.39 0.46 0.46 0.54 0.54 0.62 0.62 0.69 0.69 0.39 0.32 0.38 0.31C-125 0.31 0.31 0.39 0.39 0.46 0.46 0.54 0.54 0.64 0.62 0.76 0.69 0.46 0.35 0.39 0.30D-125
44、 0.31 0.31 0.40 0.39 0.51 0.46 0.64 0.55 0.78 0.68 0.94 0.81 0.54 0.39 0.43 0.31C361123TABLE 1 ContinuedCircumferential reinforcement, in.2/linear ft of pipeInternalDesignatedDia, in.30 33Type ofReinforce-mentCircular Elliptical Circular EllipticalWallThickness,in.234 318 314 312 434 234 312 278 318
45、 314 334 434 278 334Layers ofReinforce-mentSingle Single Inner Outer Inner Outer Inner Outer Single Single Single Single Inner Outer Inner Outer Inner Outer Single SingleClassA-25 0.25 0.23 0.16 0.11 0.15 0.10 0.12 0.08 0.25 0.19 0.29 0.27 0.19 0.13 0.17 0.11 0.14 0.09 0.29 0.21B-25 0.41 0.37 0.25 0
46、.16 0.23 0.15 0.18 0.11 0.41 0.23 0.48 0.45 0.30 0.19 0.26 0.16 0.21 0.13 0.48 0.26C-25 0.60 0.52 0.34 0.21 0.31 0.19 0.23 0.13 0.60 0.31 0.71 0.64 0.41 0.25 0.34 0.21 0.27 0.16 0.71 0.34D-25 0.82 0.69 0.44 0.26 0.40 0.23 0.28 0.16 0.82 0.40 0.92 0.87 0.53 0.32 0.44 0.26 0.34 0.19 0.92 0.44A-50 0.32
47、 0.30 0.21 0.16 0.20 0.15 0.17 0.13 0.41 0.41 0.37 0.35 0.24 0.19 0.22 0.17 0.19 0.15 0.45 0.45B-50 0.49 0.45 0.30 0.21 0.28 0.20 0.22 0.15 0.49 0.41 0.56 0.53 0.35 0.25 0.31 0.22 0.26 0.18 0.56 0.45C-50 0.67 0.60 0.39 0.26 0.36 0.24 0.28 0.18 0.67 0.41 0.79 0.72 0.46 0.31 0.40 0.26 0.32 0.21 0.79 0
48、.45D-50 0.90 0.77 0.49 0.31 0.44 0.28 0.33 0.20 0.90 0.44 1.00 0.95 0.58 0.37 0.49 0.31 0.39 0.24 1.00 0.49A-75 0.41 0.41 0.27 0.22 0.25 0.21 0.22 0.18 0.45 0.45 0.30 0.24 0.27 0.22 0.25 0.20B-75 0.56 0.52 0.35 0.26 0.33 0.25 0.27 0.20 0.64 0.61 0.41 0.30 0.36 0.27 0.31 0.23C-75 0.74 0.67 0.44 0.31
49、0.41 0.29 0.32 0.22 0.87 0.80 0.52 0.36 0.45 0.32 0.37 0.26D-75 0.97 0.84 0.53 0.36 0.49 0.33 0.38 0.25 1.08 1.03 0.63 0.43 0.54 0.36 0.44 0.29A-100 0.58 0.58 0.32 0.27 0.31 0.26 0.31 0.27 0.64 0.64 0.36 0.30 0.34 0.29 0.34 0.29B-100 0.63 0.59 0.41 0.31 0.38 0.30 0.32 0.25 0.72 0.69 0.47 0.36 0.42 0.32 0.36 0.28C-100 0.82 0.74 0.49 0.36 0.46 0.34 0.37 0.27 0.95 0.88 0.57 0.42 0.50 0.37 0.42 0.31D-100 1.04 0.91 0.58 0.41 0.54 0.38 0.42 0.29 1.16 1.11 0.69 0.48 0.59 0.42 0.49 0.34A-125 0.77 0.77 0.41 0.36 0.41 0.36 0.41 0.36 0.85 0.
