1、Designation: C361 14aStandard Specification forReinforced Concrete Low-Head Pressure Pipe1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C361; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number
2、 in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers reinforced concrete pipe in-t
3、ended to be used for the construction of pressure pipelineswith low internal hydrostatic heads generally not exceeding125 ft.1.2 This specification is the inch-pound companion toSpecification C361; therefore, no SI equivalents are presentedin the specification.NOTE 1Field tests on completed portions
4、 of the pipeline are notcovered by this specification for the manufacture of the pipe but should beincluded in specifications for pipe laying.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A27/A27M Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon, forGeneral ApplicationA36/A36M Specification for Carbon Structur
5、al SteelA283/A283M Specification for Low and Intermediate Ten-sile Strength Carbon Steel PlatesA575 Specification for Steel Bars, Carbon, MerchantQuality, M-GradesA576 Specification for Steel Bars, Carbon, Hot-Wrought,Special QualityA615/A615M Specification for Deformed and Plain Carbon-Steel Bars f
6、or Concrete ReinforcementA675/A675M Specification for Steel Bars, Carbon, Hot-Wrought, Special Quality, Mechanical PropertiesA706/A706M Specification for Low-Alloy Steel Deformedand Plain Bars for Concrete ReinforcementA1008/A1008M Specification for Steel, Sheet, Cold-Rolled,Carbon, Structural, High
7、-Strength Low-Alloy, High-Strength Low-Alloy with Improved Formability, SolutionHardened, and Bake HardenableA1011/A1011M Specification for Steel, Sheet and Strip,Hot-Rolled, Carbon, Structural, High-Strength Low-Alloy, High-Strength Low-Alloy with ImprovedFormability, and Ultra-High StrengthA1064/A
8、1064M Specification for Carbon-Steel Wire andWelded Wire Reinforcement, Plain and Deformed, forConcreteC31/C31M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete TestSpecimens in the FieldC33 Specification for Concrete AggregatesC39/C39M Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylin-drical Concrete SpecimensC
9、150 Specification for Portland CementC260 Specification for Air-Entraining Admixtures for Con-creteC309 Specification for Liquid Membrane-Forming Com-pounds for Curing ConcreteC497M Test Methods for Concrete Pipe, Manhole Sections,or Tile (Metric)C595 Specification for Blended Hydraulic CementsC618
10、Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or CalcinedNatural Pozzolan for Use in ConcreteC655 Specification for Reinforced Concrete D-LoadCulvert, Storm Drain, and Sewer PipeC822 Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe and RelatedProductsC1602/C1602M Specification for Mixing Water Used in theProduction o
11、f Hydraulic Cement ConcreteC1619 Specification for Elastomeric Seals for Joining Con-crete StructuresD698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft3(600kN-m/m3)D4253 Test Methods for Maximum Index Density and UnitWeight of Soils Using a V
12、ibratory Table1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 onConcrete Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C13.04 on Low HeadPressure Pipe.Current edition approved April 1, 2014. Published April 2014. Originallyapproved in 1955. Last previous edition approved
13、in 2014 as C361 14. DOI:10.1520/C0361-14A.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM Inte
14、rnational, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D4254 Test Methods for Minimum Index Density and UnitWeight of Soils and Calculation of Relative Density2.2 Other Standards:ACI Code 318 Standard Building Code Requirements forReinforced Concrete3AISI-C 10
15、124ASCE 15-93 Standard Practice for Direct Design of BuriedPrecast Concrete Pipe Using Standard Installations(SIDD)3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms relating to concretepipe, see Terminology C822.4. Classification4.1 Pipe manufactured according to this specification shallbe for h
16、ydrostatic heads of 25, 50, 75, 100, and 125 ft measuredto the centerline of the pipe. Designs are provided in Table 1for the above hydrostatic heads combined with external load-ings of 5, 10, 15, and 20 ft (designated A, B, C, and D in Table1) of earth cover over the top of the pipe under specifici
17、nstallation conditions. The specific installation conditions arecovered in Appendix X1. Where the hydrostatic head, externalloadings, and installation conditions vary from those given inTable 1 and Appendix X1, detailed design calculations shall bemade. The design criteria for Table 1 are presented
18、in Appen-dix X2.5. Basis of Acceptance5.1 Acceptability of the pipe in all diameters and classesshall be determined by the results of such material tests as arerequired in 6.2 through 6.9 by crushing tests on cured concretecylinders, by hydrostatic pressure tests on units of the pipe, byjoint leakag
19、e tests, and by inspection during or after manufac-ture to determine whether the pipe conforms to this specifica-tion as to design and freedom from defects.5.2 Age for AcceptancePipe shall be considered ready foracceptance when they conform to the requirements, as indi-cated by the specified tests.6
20、. Materials6.1 Reinforced ConcreteThe reinforced concrete shallconsist of portland cement, mineral aggregates, and water, inwhich steel has been embedded in such a manner that the steeland concrete act together. Fly ash or pozzolan is not prohibitedwhen used as a partial cement replacement; see 9.1.
21、6.2 Cementitious Materials:6.2.1 Cement:6.2.1.1 Portland CementPortland cement shall conform tothe requirements of Specification C150.6.2.1.2 Blended Hydraulic CementBlended cement shallconform to the requirements of Specification C595 for Type ISportland blast furnace slag cement or Type IP portlan
22、d pozzo-lan cement, except that the pozzolan constituent in the Type IPportland pozzolan cement shall not exceed 20 % by weight.6.2.2 Fly Ash or PozzolanFly ash or pozzolan shallconform to the requirements of Specification C618.6.2.3 Allowable Cementitious MaterialsThe combinationof cementitious mat
23、erials used in the concrete shall be one ofthe following:6.2.3.1 Portland cement only,6.2.3.2 Portland blast furnace slag cement only, or6.2.3.3 Portland pozzolan cement only.6.2.3.4 A combination of portland cement and fly ash orpozzolan, wherein the proportion of fly ash or pozzolan isbetween 5 an
24、d 20 % by weight of total cementitious material(portland cement plus fly ash or pozzolan).6.3 AggregatesAggregates shall conform to SpecificationC33, except that the requirements for grading are waived.6.4 AdmixturesAdmixtures, except for air-entrainingagents, shall not be added to the concrete unle
25、ss permitted bythe owner. At the option of the manufacturer, or if specified bythe owner, the concrete in precast concrete pipe placed by thecast-and-vibrated method shall contain an air-entraining agentconforming to Specification C260. The amount of air-entraining agent used shall be such as will a
26、ffect the entrain-ment of not more than 3 % air by volume of concrete asdischarged from the mixer.6.5 Steel ReinforcementReinforcement shall consist ofwire conforming to Specification A1064/A1064M, or of barsof Grades 40 or 60 steel conforming to Specification A615/A615M or of Grade 40 steel conform
27、ing to SpecificationA36/A36M, or Grade 60 steel conforming to SpecificationA706/A706M.6.6 Steel for Joint Rings:6.6.1 Steel strips for bell rings less than14 in. thick shallconform to Grade SS30 of Specification A1011/A1011M orGrade Designation 1012 of Specification A575. Steel thatmeets the require
28、ments of AISI-C1012 for chemical compo-nents will be acceptable provided it conforms to Grade SS30 ofSpecification A1011/A1011M in other respects.6.6.2 Steel plate for bell rings14 in. or more in thickness andspecial shapes for spigot joint rings shall conform to Specifi-cation A36/A36M, or to Grade
29、 A of Specification A283/A283M, or to Grade Designation 1012 of Specification A576,or to Grade 50 of Specification A675/A675M. Steel that meetsthe requirements of AISI-C1012 for chemical components willbe acceptable provided it conforms to Specification A36/A36Mor to Specification A283/A283M Min oth
30、er respects.6.7 Steel Castings for FittingsSteel castings for fittingsshall conform to Grade 70-36, Normalized, of SpecificationA27/A27M.6.8 Steel Plates and Sheets for Specials and FittingsSteel plates for specials and fittings shall conform to Specifi-cation A36/A36M or to Grade B or C of Specific
31、ationA283/A283M or Grade SS30 or SS33 of Specification A1011/A1011M or Grade SS30 of Specification A1008/A1008M.6.9 Rubber Gaskets:3Available fromAmerican Concrete Institute (ACI), P.O. Box 9094, FarmingtonHills, MI 48333-9094, http:/www.concrete.org.4Available from American Iron and Steel Institute
32、 (AISI), 1140 ConnecticutAve., NW, Suite 705, Washington, DC 20036, http:/www.steel.org.C361 14a2TABLE1DesignRequirementsforReinforcedConcreteLow-HeadPressurePipe12Through144in.Diameter,ConcreteDesignStrength5000psiexceptasnoted,SteelReinforcementYieldStrength40000psiNOTE1SeeAppendixforspecificinsta
33、llationconditionsanddesigncriteriaconditionsrequiredinconjunctionwiththeuseofTable1.NOTE2Designations,A,B,C,andD,forclassofpipe,denote5,10,15,and20ftofearthcoverovertopofpipe.Figures25,Figures50,Figures75,etc.forclassofpipe,denotehydrostaticpressureheadsinfeetmeasuredtocenterlineofpipe.NOTE3An“s”inp
34、laceofasteelareaindicatesthepipeclassisaspecialdesignrequiringstirrupreinforcement.Stirrupsmaybeeliminatedbychangingwallthickness,mainreinforcement,concretestrength,oracombinationthereof.NOTE4Theboldfacedvaluedenotes6000psiconcretestrengthrequired.Circumferentialreinforcement,in.2/linearftofpipeInte
35、rnalDesignatedDia,in.121518212427TypeofReinforce-mentCircularCircularCircularEllipticalCircularEllipticalCircularEllipticalCircularEllipticalWallThickness,in.2323214321432383238321232123258318314414258314LayersofReinforce-mentSingleSingleSingleSingleSingleSingleSingleSingleSingleSingleSingleSingleSi
36、ngleSingleSingleSingleSingleSingleInnerOuterInnerOuterSingleSingleClassA-250.070.060.090.080.120.100.120.120.150.130.150.140.180.170.180.170.220.200.140.090.110.070.220.17B-250.100.080.140.110.180.150.180.150.230.200.230.200.290.250.290.250.350.300.210.130.160.100.350.21C-250.130.100.200.150.250.200
37、.250.200.330.270.330.270.410.350.410.350.500.420.280.170.210.120.500.28D-250.170.130.260.180.330.260.330.260.430.340.430.340.550.450.550.450.680.550.360.210.260.140.680.36A-500.100.100.130.130.160.150.250.250.200.180.290.290.240.220.330.330.280.260.180.140.150.120.370.37B-500.130.110.180.150.230.200
38、.250.250.290.250.290.290.350.310.350.330.410.370.250.180.200.140.410.37C-500.160.130.230.180.300.250.300.250.380.320.380.320.470.410.470.410.560.490.330.210.250.160.560.37D-500.200.150.290.220.370.300.370.300.480.400.480.400.600.510.600.510.740.620.400.250.300.190.740.40A-750.160.160.200.200.240.240
39、.280.280.330.330.370.370.230.190.200.16B-750.160.160.220.200.270.240.340.300.410.370.480.440.300.220.250.18C-750.190.160.270.220.340.290.430.370.530.460.630.550.370.260.300.21D-750.230.180.330.260.420.340.530.450.660.570.810.680.450.300.350.23A-1000.230.230.290.290.350.350.400.400.460.460.520.520.28
40、0.240.280.24B-1000.230.230.290.290.350.350.400.400.460.460.550.520.350.270.290.23C-1000.230.230.310.290.390.350.480.420.580.520.700.620.420.310.340.25D-1000.260.230.370.290.460.390.580.500.720.620.870.750.490.340.390.27A-1250.310.310.390.390.460.460.540.540.620.620.690.690.370.320.370.32B-1250.310.3
41、10.390.390.460.460.540.540.620.620.690.690.390.320.380.31C-1250.310.310.390.390.460.460.540.540.640.620.760.690.460.350.390.30D-1250.310.310.400.390.510.460.640.550.780.680.940.810.540.390.430.31C361 14a3TABLE1ContinuedCircumferentialreinforcement,in.2/linearftofpipeInternalDesignatedDia,in.3033Type
42、ofReinforce-mentCircularEllipticalCircularEllipticalWallThickness,in.234318314312434234312278318314334434278334LayersofReinforce-mentSingleSingleInnerOuterInnerOuterInnerOuterSingleSingleSingleSingleInnerOuterInnerOuterInnerOuterSingleSingleClassA-250.250.230.160.110.150.100.120.080.250.190.290.270.
43、190.130.170.110.140.090.290.21B-250.410.370.250.160.230.150.180.110.410.230.480.450.300.190.260.160.210.130.480.26C-250.600.520.340.210.310.190.230.130.600.310.710.640.410.250.340.210.270.160.710.34D-250.820.690.440.260.400.230.280.160.820.400.920.870.530.320.440.260.340.190.920.44A-500.320.300.210.
44、160.200.150.170.130.410.410.370.350.240.190.220.170.190.150.450.45B-500.490.450.300.210.280.200.220.150.490.410.560.530.350.250.310.220.260.180.560.45C-500.670.600.390.260.360.240.280.180.670.410.790.720.460.310.400.260.320.210.790.45D-500.900.770.490.310.440.280.330.200.900.441.000.950.580.370.490.
45、310.390.241.000.49A-750.410.410.270.220.250.210.220.180.450.450.300.240.270.220.250.20B-750.560.520.350.260.330.250.270.200.640.610.410.300.360.270.310.23C-750.740.670.440.310.410.290.320.220.870.800.520.360.450.320.370.26D-750.970.840.530.360.490.330.380.251.081.030.630.430.540.360.440.29A-1000.580
46、.580.320.270.310.260.310.270.640.640.360.300.340.290.340.29B-1000.630.590.410.310.380.300.320.250.720.690.470.360.420.320.360.28C-1000.820.740.490.360.460.340.370.270.950.880.570.420.500.370.420.31D-1001.040.910.580.410.540.380.420.291.161.110.690.480.590.420.490.34A-1250.770.770.410.360.410.360.410
47、.360.850.850.460.390.450.390.450.40B-1250.770.770.460.370.430.350.430.350.850.850.520.420.470.380.470.38C-1250.890.810.540.410.510.390.440.331.030.960.630.480.560.420.480.37D-1251.120.990.630.460.590.430.470.341.241.190.740.540.650.470.540.39C361 14a4TABLE1ContinuedCircumferentialreinforcement,in.2/
48、linearftofpipeInternalDesignatedDia,in.363942TypeofReinforce-mentCircularEllipticalCircularEllipticalCircularEllipticalWallThickness,in.318314453184312414514312414334412512334412LayersofReinforce-mentSingleInnerOuterInnerOuterInnerOuterSingleSingleInnerOuterInnerOuterInnerOuterSingleSingleInnerOuter
49、InnerOuterInnerOuterSingleSingleClassA-250.320.220.150.180.120.150.100.320.230.230.160.200.130.170.110.250.250.250.170.210.150.190.130.270.27B-250.540.350.230.280.180.230.140.540.280.380.240.310.190.260.160.380.310.400.260.330.210.280.170.400.33C-250.780.490.300.380.230.300.180.780.380.520.320.410.250.340.200.520.410.550.340.450.270.370.220.550.45D-251.010.630.380.480.280.380.211.010.480.670.400.520.310.420.240.670.520.710.430.560.340.460.260.710.56A-500.400.280.210.240.180.210.160.490.490.300.230.260.200.230.170.530
