1、Designation: C 361M 05METRICStandard Specification forReinforced Concrete Low-Head Pressure Pipe Metric1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 361M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last re
2、vision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers reinforced concre
3、te pipe in-tended to be used for the construction of pressure pipelineswith low internal hydrostatic heads generally not exceeding375 kPa.1.2 This metric specification is the equivalent to Specifica-tion C 361 and is compatible in technical content.NOTE 1Field tests on completed portions of the pipe
4、line are notcovered by this specification for the manufacture of the pipe but should beincluded in specifications for pipe laying.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A 27/A 27M Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon, forGeneral ApplicationA 36/A 36M Specification for Carbon Structural Steel
5、A 82/A 82M Specification for Steel Wire, Plain, for Con-crete ReinforcementA 185/A 185M Specification for Steel Welded Wire, Rein-forcement, Plain, for ConcreteA 283/A 283M Specification for Low and IntermediateTensile Strength Carbon Steel PlatesA 496/A 496M Specification for Steel Wire Reinforceme
6、nt,Deformed, for ConcreteA 497/A 497M Specification for Steel Welded Wire Fabric,Deformed, for Concrete ReinforcementA 570/A 570M Specification for Steel, Sheet and Strip,Carbon, Hot-Rolled3A 575 Specification for Steel Bars, Carbon, Merchant Qual-ity, M-GradesA 576 Specification for Steel Bars, Car
7、bon, Hot-Wrought,Special QualityA611 Specification for Structural Steel, Sheet, Carbon,Cold-Rolled3A 615 Specification for Deformed and Plain Carbon-SteelBars for Concrete ReinforcementA 675/A 675M Specification for Steel Bars, Carbon, Hot-Wrought, Special Quality; Mechanical PropertiesC 31/C 31M Pr
8、actice for Making and Curing Concrete TestSpecimens in the FieldC33 Specification for Concrete AggregatesC 39/C 39M Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cy-lindrical Concrete SpecimensC 150 Specification for Portland CementC 260 Specification forAir-EntrainingAdmixtures for Con-creteC 309 Specifi
9、cation for Liquid Membrane-Forming Com-pounds for Curing ConcreteC 497M Test Methods for Concrete Pipe, Manhole Sec-tions, or Tile (Metric)C 595 Specification for Blended Hydraulic CementsC 618 Specification for Fly Ash and Raw or CalcinedNatural Pozzolan for Use in ConcreteC 822 Terminology Relatin
10、g to Concrete Pipe and RelatedProductsD 395 Test Methods for Rubber PropertyCompressionSetD 412 Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermo-plastic ElastomersTensionD 471 Test Method for Rubber PropertyEffect of LiquidsD 573 Test Method for RubberDeterioration in an AirOvenD 698 Test Method for La
11、boratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft3(600kN-m/m3)D 1149 Test Method for Rubber DeteriorationSurfaceOzone Cracking in a Chambe1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 onConcrete Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcomm
12、ittee C13.04 on Low HeadPressure Pipe.Current edition approved July 1, 2005. Published August 2005. Originallyapproved in 1978. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as C 361M 03ae1.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.
13、org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D 2240 Test Method for Rubber PropertyDurometerHardn
14、essD 4253 Test Method for Maximum Index Density and UnitWeight of Soils Using a Vibratory TableD 4254 Test Method for Minimum Index Density and UnitWeight of Soils and Calculation of Relative Density2.2 Other Standard:ACI Code 318 Standard Building Code Requirements forReinforced Concrete4AISI-C1012
15、53. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms relating to con-crete pipe, see Terminology C 822.4. Classification4.1 Pipe manufactured according to this specification shallbe for hydrostatic heads of 75, 150, 225, 300, and 375 kPameasured to the centerline of the pipe. Designs are provided
16、inTable 1 for the above hydrostatic heads combined with externalloadings of 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, and 6.0 (designated A, B, C, and D inTable 1) of earth cover over the top of the pipe under specificinstallation conditions. The specific installation conditions arecovered in Appendix X1. Where the hydrostati
17、c head, externalloadings, and installation conditions vary from those given inTable 1 andAppendix X1, detailed design calculations shall bemade.The design criteria forTable 1 are presented inAppendixX2.5. Basis of Acceptance5.1 Acceptability of the pipe in all diameters and classesshall be determine
18、d by the results of such material tests as arerequired in 6.2 through 6.9 by crushing tests on cured concretecylinders, by hydrostatic pressure tests on units of the pipe, byjoint leakage tests, and by inspection during or after manufac-ture to determine whether the pipe conforms to this specifica-t
19、ion as to design and freedom from defects.5.2 Age for AcceptancePipe shall be considered ready foracceptance when they conform to the requirements, as indi-cated by the specified tests.6. Materials6.1 Reinforced ConcreteThe reinforced concrete shallconsist of portland cement, mineral aggregates, and
20、 water, inwhich steel has been embedded in such a manner that the steeland concrete act together. Fly ash or pozzolan is not prohibitedwhen used as a partial cement replacement; see 9.1.6.2 Cementitious Materials:6.2.1 Cement:6.2.1.1 Portland Cement Portland cement shall conformto the requirements o
21、f Specification C 150.6.2.1.2 Blended Cement Blended cement shall conform tothe requirements of Specification C 595 for Type IS portlandblast furnace slag cement or Type IPportland pozzolan cement,except that the pozzolan constituent in the Type IP portlandpozzolan cement shall not exceed 20 % by we
22、ight.6.2.2 Fly Ash or PozzolanFly ash or pozzolan shallconform to the requirements of Specification C 618.6.2.3 Allowable Cementitious MaterialsThe combinationof cementitious materials used in the concrete shall be one ofthe following:6.2.3.1 Portland cement only,6.2.3.2 Portland blast furnace slag
23、cement only,6.2.3.3 Portland pozzolan cement only, or6.2.3.4 A combination of portland cement and fly ash orpozzolan, wherein the proportion of fly ash or pozzolan isbetween 5 and 20 % by weight of total cementitious material(portland cement plus fly ash or pozzolan).6.3 AggregatesAggregates shall c
24、onform to SpecificationC33, except that the requirements for grading are waived.6.4 AdmixturesAdmixtures, except for air-entrainingagents, shall not be added to the concrete unless permitted bythe owner. At the option of the manufacturer, or if specified bythe owner, the concrete in precast concrete
25、 pipe placed by thecast-and-vibrated method shall contain an air-entraining agentconforming to Specification C 260. The amount of air-entraining agent used shall be such as will affect the entrain-ment of not more than 3 % air by volume of concrete asdischarged from the mixer.6.5 Steel Reinforcement
26、Reinforcement shall consist ofwire conforming to Specification A 82, Specification A 496, orof wire fabric conforming to Specification A 185 or Specifica-tion A 497, or of bars of Grade 300 steel conforming toSpecification A 615/A 615M.6.6 Steel for Joint Rings:6.6.1 Steel strips for bell rings less
27、 than 6 mm thick shallconform to Grade 30 of Specification A 570/A 570M or GradeDesignation 1012 of Specification A 575. Steel that meets therequirements of AISI-C1012 for chemical components will beacceptable provided it conforms to Grade 30 of SpecificationA 570/A 570M in other respects.6.6.2 Stee
28、l plate for bell rings 6 mm or more in thicknessand special shapes for spigot joint rings shall conform toSpecification A 36/A 36M, or to Grade A of SpecificationA 283/A 283M, or to Grade Designation 1012 of SpecificationA 576, or to Grade 50 of Specification A 675/A 675M. Steelthat meets the requir
29、ements of AISI-C1012 for chemicalcomponents will be acceptable provided it conforms to Speci-fication A 36/A 36M or to Specification A 283/A 283M inother respects.6.7 Steel Castings for FittingsSteel castings for fittingsshall conform to Grade 70-36, Normalized, of SpecificationA 27/A 27M.6.8 Steel
30、Plates and Sheets for Specials and FittingsSteelplates for specials and fittings shall conform to SpecificationA 36/A 36M or to Grade B or C of Specification A 283/A 283M or Grade 30 or 33 of Specification A 570/A 570M orGrade B of Specification A611.6.9 Rubber Gaskets:6.9.1 Composition and Properti
31、esAll rubber gaskets shallbe extruded or molded and cured in such a manner that any4Available from the American Concrete Institute, 38800 Country Club Dr.,Farmington Hills, MI 48331.5Available from the Iron and Steel Institute, 1140 Connecticut Ave., Suite 705,Washington D.C. 20036.C361M052cross sec
32、tion will be dense, homogeneous, and free of porosity,blisters, pitting, and other imperfections. The gaskets shall beof a solid circular cross section and shall be extruded or moldedto the specified size within a diametrical tolerance of 60.4 mmor 61.5 % of the diameter, whichever is larger. The ba
33、sicpolymer shall be natural rubber, synthetic rubber, or a blend ofboth. The properties enumerated below shall be determined inaccordance with 10.5.6.9.1.1 Standard Gasket RequirementsThe compoundshall meet the following physical requirements (see also TestMethods D 412):Tensile strength, min, MPa 1
34、6Elongation at break, min, % 425Shore durometer hardness, nominal:Min 40AMax 60ACompression set, max, % of original deflection 20Accelerated aging, max, % of originalDecrease in tensile strength 15Decrease in elongation 20Liquid immersion, max, % weight increaseWater absorption 5Ozone resistance no
35、visible cracking inaccordance with TestMethod D 1149AAllowable variation 65 from manufacturers specified nominal hardness.6.9.1.2 Oil Resistant Gasket RequirementsThe compoundshall contain not less than 50 % by volume oil resistantpolymer and shall meet the following physical requirements:Tensile st
36、rength, min, MPa 10Elongation at break, min, % 350Shore durometer hardness, nominal:Min 40AMax 60ADurometer aging, max increase + 15Compression set, max, % of original deflection 20Accelerated aging, max, % of original (96 h at 70C)Decrease in tensile strength 20Decrease in elongation 40Liquid immer
37、sion, max, % volume changeOil, in ASTM #3 (70 h at 100C) 80Water absorption 15Ozone resistance, 72 h exposure in 50 PPHMozone concentration at 40Cno visible crackingin accordance withTest Method D 1149AAllowable variation 65 from manufacturers specified nominal hardness.6.9.1.3 Durometer HardnessThe
38、 shore hardness shall bein the range of from 35 to 50 for concrete spigots and 35 to 65for steel spigots where the range includes the allowablevariation as given in 6.9.1.1 and 6.9.1.2.6.9.2 StorageAll rubber shall be stored in as cool a placeas practicable, preferably at 21C or less, and in no case
39、 shallthe rubber for joints be exposed to the direct rays of the sun formore than 72 h.6.10 Gasket Lubricants:6.10.1 Where the joint design utilizing a rubber gasketdictates the use of a lubricant to facilitate assembly, thelubricant composition shall have no detrimental effect on theperformance of
40、the gasket and joint due to prolonged exposure.6.10.2 StorageThe lubricant shall be stored in accordancewith the lubricant manufacturers recommended temperaturerange.6.10.3 CertificationWhen requested by the owner, themanufacturer shall furnish written certification that the jointlubricant conforms
41、to all requirements of this specification forthe specific gaskets supplied.6.10.4 MarkingThe following information shall beclearly marked on each container of lubricant.6.10.4.1 Name of lubricant manufacturer.6.10.4.2 Usable temperature range for application and stor-age.6.10.4.3 Shelf life.6.10.4.4
42、 Lot or batch number.7. Design7.1 Design Tables The diameter, wall thickness, compres-sive strength of the concrete, and the area of circumferentialreinforcement shall be as prescribed for the classes of com-bined hydrostatic head and external loading given in Table 1subject to the provisions of 7.2
43、, 7.4, 7.5, 10.3, 11.1, 11.2, and11.5.7.2 Modified and Special DesignManufacturers shall sub-mit to the owner, for approval prior to manufacture, detaileddesigns for loading or installation conditions other than thoseshown in Table 1. Such pipe must meet all of the tests andperformance requirements
44、specified by the owner in accor-dance with Section 5.7.3 Laying Lengths The maximum laying lengths of pipeunits that will be acceptable are as follows and are subject tothe provisions of 11.4:Internal Diameter ofPipe, mmMaximum LayingLength of Pipe, m300 to 375 3.66450 4.27525 to 600 4.88675 to 750
45、5.49825 to 900 6.10975 and larger 7.327.4 Placement of ReinforcementThe circumferential rein-forcement shall be a single-cage circular, double-cage circular,or elliptical cage as shown in Table 1. Elliptical reinforcementwill be permitted for 75 and 150-kPa head classes only andonly in pipe 450 to 1
46、800 mm in diameter, inclusive. All pipewith a wall thickness of less than 82 mm shall be reinforcedwith either a circular cage or a single elliptical cage of steel asprovided in Table 1.All pipe with wall thickness of 82 mm andgreater shall be reinforced with either two separate cages or asingle ell
47、iptical cage of steel as provided in Table 1, except thatfor pipe sizes 900 mm and less with wall thicknesses equal toor greater than 82 mm, a single circular cage is not prohibitedif the steel area is equal to or greater than the least area shownfor a single circular cage for the particular class o
48、f pipe. Theareas of circumferential reinforcement shown in Table 1 are thedesign requirements for each of the wall thicknesses shown inthe table. Where single-cage circular reinforcement is used, thecenter-line of the reinforcement shall be placed from 40 to50 % of the wall thickness from the inner
49、surface of the pipe,provided that the minimum concrete cover specified belowshall be maintained. Where two separated circular cages ofreinforcement are used, the inner and outer cages shall beplaced so that the concrete cover, measured radially, over thecircumferential reinforcement will be as follows:Minimum MaximumPipe Diameter, Cover, Cover,C361M053mm mm mm1125 and less 19 251200 through 1500 19 291575 through 1725 19 321800 through 2700 25 387.4.1 These limits on minimum and maximum cover areapplicable to elliptical steel at the horizontal
