1、Designation: C 371 89 (Reapproved 2003)Standard Test Method forWire-Cloth Sieve Analysis of Nonplastic Ceramic Powders1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 371; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the y
2、ear of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the particlesize distribution of nonplastic ceramic powders such
3、as alu-mina, silica, feldspar, pyrophyllite, nepheline syenite, talc,titanates, and zircon using wire cloth sieves.1.2 Materials containing a large amount of fines, containingagglomerates, or that are nonfree-flowing, are wet-sieved toremove excessive fines or to disperse agglomerates beforeperformi
4、ng the test. This technique is not applicable to mate-rials that are, to any degree, water soluble.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and healt
5、h practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:C 322 Practice for Sampling Ceramic Whiteware Clays2E 11 Specification for Wire Cloth and Sieves for TestingPurposes23. Significance and Use3.1 Sieve analyses are carried out
6、 to determine the particlesize distribution of powders which, in turn, are used to qualifythose materials as to their usefulness in the process underconsideration. Since particle size analyses have only relativesignificance, the results should be considered only where theycorrelate with process char
7、acteristics. The parameter that isbeing measured in this test is the amount of material that willpass through a cloth having theoretically square openings. Itmust be remembered that all the holes are not square, noruniform in size, and the question of whether a given particlewill go through is a sta
8、tistical one. Since each particle sizeanalysis method measures a unique physical parameter, theresults from one method may not agree with those fromanother. Particle size distributions play a role in such propertiesas bulk density, dustiness, and handling characteristics. Careshould be taken, howeve
9、r, when interpretations are made fromone or two points (sieves) on the distribution curve.4. Apparatus4.1 Balance, having a sensitivity of 0.05 g.4.2 Sieves, clean, unblinded, 205 mm (8 in.) in diameter,and conforming to Specification E 11. At all times they shall becertified by, or shall be calibra
10、ted with sieves certified by, theNational Institute of Standards and Technology. For wet-sieving, use full-height 50-mm (2-in.) sieves; these sieves andpan may be used for dry-sieving also. Half-height 25-mm(1-in.) sieves and pan shall be used for dry-sieving only. Thesieves to be used may range fro
11、m 45 m (No. 325) through 212m (No. 70).4.3 Drying Pans, about 205 mm (8 in.) in diameter and 25or 50 mm (1 or 2 in.) high.4.4 DryerFor drying, the use of an oven maintainedautomatically at 100 to 110C is recommended.4.5 Mechanical Shaking Device3The shaking device shallbe such as to produce a latera
12、l and vertical motion of the sieve,accompanied by a jarring action so as to keep the samplemoving continuously over the surface of the sieve.4.6 In wet-sieving, the water should be slightly above roomtemperature (for example, a hot-cold mixer tap) and should besupplied by means of a fixed or hand-he
13、ld spray.5. Sampling5.1 Unit for SamplingEach carload shall be considered aunit for sampling.5.2 Gross Sample (See Practice C 322)In collecting thegross sample from a carload shipped in bags, select a numberof bags equivalent to not less than 1 % of the total number ofbags in the car. Bags taken for
14、 sampling shall be from locationsevenly distributed, horizontally and vertically, throughout thecar. The gross sample shall consist of equal increments of notless than 227 g (0.5 lbs) from each of the bags taken forsampling. In collecting the gross sample from a carload1This method is under the juri
15、sdiction of ASTM Committee C21 on CeramicWhitewares and Related Products and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC21.04 on Raw Materials.Current edition approved Oct 1, 2003. Published October 2003. Originallyapproved in 1955. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as C 371 89 (1999).2For re
16、ferenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The Tyler Ro-Tap mechanical shaking device, available from W.S. Tyl
17、er Co.,Inc., Gastonia, NC 28053-9065 and major scientific supply houses, or equivalent,has been found satisfactory for this purpose.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.shipped in bulk, take equal increments of not less th
18、an 227 geach from points well distributed both horizontally and verti-cally.5.3 Test SampleObtain the test sample, of not less than110 g, by mixing the gross sample and then riffling or handquartering. Dry the entire test sample in an oven at 100 to110C to constant weight. Take a 100-g (Note 1) spec
19、imenweighed to the nearest 0.1 g shall be taken for sieve analysis.NOTE 1Alternatively, if less than 50 % passes the finest sieve, use a50-g specimen.6. Procedure6.1 Transfer the 100-g specimen to glazed paper and pro-ceed to 6.5, except as noted in 6.2.6.2 Alumina, talc, pyrophillite, other nonfree
20、-flowing ma-terials, and those materials containing agglomerates require apreliminary wet sieving. Place the 100-g specimen into a glassbeaker. Add 200 g of distilled water together with a suitabledispersion agent (Note 2) and stir the suspension with a roduntil complete dispersion is obtained (Note
21、 3). Pour thesuspension onto the finest sieve to be used. Wash any residuein the beaker onto the sieve with a wash bottle.NOTE 2One suitable dispersion agent is 0.1 % sodium pyrophos-phate. A 0.1 % sodium hexametaphosphate should be used for alumina.NOTE 3Dispersion aids, such as ultrasonic vibratio
22、n and high shearmixers (food blenders) may be necessary to eliminate agglomerates. Caremust be taken that undesirable grinding does not take place.6.3 While agitating, thoroughly wash the sieve under thesprayer head, the flow being sufficiently gentle to avoidsplashing. Sieving is complete when no m
23、ore material passes.Determine this by catching the washings and examining for thesolids.6.4 When sieving is complete, pass a sponge over theunderside of the sieve-cloth to draw out as much of the wateras possible. Rinse the retained solids with acetone, to speed updrying, and dry off any excess with
24、 a sponge. Do thisthoroughly to avoid dangerous levels of acetone in the oven.Dry the sieve and specimen thoroughly at 100 to 110C andthen brush onto glazed paper.6.5 Assemble all the sieves to be used in the test with thecoarsest sieve on top and the others under it in order ofdecreasing sieve open
25、ing size. Transfer the specimen from theglazed paper to the top or coarsest sieve and shake the entireseries of sieves. It is recommended that this agitation be donemechanically. For hand-sieving, hold the nest of sieves, withpan and cover attached, in one hand and gently strike the sideabout 150 ti
26、mes/min against the palm of the other hand. Theside of sieves next to the striking hand should be slightly higherthan the other side so that sample will be well distributed oversieves. Turn the sieve-nest every 25 strokes about one sixth ofa revolution in the same direction. With either mechanical o
27、rhand agitation, the agitation should continue to the point wherenot more than 0.05 g passes a given sieve in 1 min.6.6 Separate the nested sieves and carefully remove theresidue from each and weigh to the nearest 0.1 g. Theseweights in grams will equal the percent of residue on eachsieve (if a 100-
28、g specimen was used).7. Calculation and Report7.1 Calculate and report the cumulative percent passing, orthe residue on each sieve, as required, to the nearest wholepercent.8. Precision and Bias8.1 PrecisionThe precision of the procedure in TestMethod C 371 for measuring particle size is being deter
29、mined.8.2 BiasThe true value of the particle size can only bedefined in terms of a test method. Within this limitation, thismethod has no known bias.9. Keywords9.1 alumina; particle size distribution; sieve analysis; silica;wet-sievingASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of a
30、ny patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to re
31、vision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. You
32、r comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copy
33、righted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).C 371 89 (2003)2
