1、Designation: C373 14aC373 16Standard Test MethodMethods forWater Absorption, Bulk Density, Apparent Porosity, andApparent Specific Gravity of Fired Whiteware Products,Ceramic Tiles,Determination of Water Absorption andAssociated Properties by Vacuum Method for PressedCeramic Tiles and Glass Tiles an
2、d Boil Method for ExtrudedCeramic Tiles and Non-tile Fired Ceramic WhitewareProducts1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C373; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in p
3、arentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 ThisThese test methodmethods covers procedures for determining water absorption, bulk density, apparent porosity, andapparent specific gravity of
4、 non-tile fired unglazed ceramic whiteware2 products, glazed or unglazed ceramic tiles, and glass tiles.1.2 The values stated in metric units are normative.The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-poundunits that are provided for information only and are not normative.1.3
5、 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Significance and
6、Use2.1 Measurement of density, porosity, and specific gravity is a tool for determining the degree of maturation of a ceramic body,or for determining structural properties that may be required for a given application.3. Apparatus and Materials3.1 Balance, Balance or scale, of adequate capacity, suit
7、able to weigh accurately to 0.01 g (0.00002 lb).3.2 Oven, capable of maintaining a temperature of 150 6 5C (302 6 9F).3.3 Wire Loop, Halter, or Basket, capable of supporting specimens under water for making suspended mass measurements.3.4 Suspended Mass Container (if Determination of Suspended Mass
8、is Desired)A glass beaker or similar container of suchsize and shape that the sample, when suspended from the balance by the wire loop, specified in 3.3, is completely immersed inwater with the sample and the wire loop completely free of contact with any part of the container.3.5 Stainless Steel Boi
9、ling Container, suitable for boiling water and with sufficient capacity to hold the test specimens andquantity of water specified in 5.2. The container shall be equipped with a loose removable cover which does not allow pressureto build.3.6 Deionized (DI) or Distilled Water.3.7 Leather Chamois.Micro
10、fiber Cloth.3.8 Heat Source, such as a hot plate, burner, or equivalent to heat the water to boiling.1 ThisThese test methodmethods is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C21 on Ceramic Whitewares and Related Products and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee C21.03 on Methods for Whitewa
11、res and Environmental Concerns.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2014Aug. 1, 2016. Published December 2014August 2016. Originally approved in 1955. Last previous edition approved in 2014 asC373 2014.C373 2014a. DOI: 10.1520/C0373-14A.10.1520/C0373-16.2 Non-tile ceramic whitewares are ceramic whitewar
12、es as defined in ASTM Terminology Standard C242, excluding ceramic tiles.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately de
13、pict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM Internati
14、onal, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.9 Desiccatora sealed chamber containing desiccants which is of sufficient size and capacity to allow specimens to coolwhile preventing the specimens from absorbing moisture from ambient air.3.10 Pressure Vess
15、el, capable of holding a vacuum of 91 6 5 kPa (26.9 6 1.5 inHg) below standard atmospheric pressure. Thevessel shall be large enough to hold the required number of tile samples and the necessary volume of water to cover the tiles duringtesting. A modified 41.5 quart pressure cooker has been found to
16、 meet these requirements.3.11 Vacuum Pump, capable of achieving and holding the required vacuum.3.12 Gauge, capable of measuring the required vacuum. Gauge shall be installed on a manifold connected directly to thepressure vessel. Readings from any gauges present on the pump are not acceptable forms
17、 of measurement.3.13 Hoses, fittings, valves, solenoids, or combinations thereof, assembled in such a way to allow manually or automaticoperation.3.14 Timer, accurate to 1 second.4. Test Specimens:4.1 Non-tile Fired Ceramic Whitewares:4.1.1 At least five representative test specimens shall be select
18、ed that have not been previously tested. The specimens shall beunglazed and shall have as much of the surface freshly fractured as is practical. Sharp edges or corners shall be removed. Thespecimens shall contain no cracks. The individual test specimens shall weigh at least 50 g.g (0.11 lb).4.2 Cera
19、mic Tiles and Glass Tiles:4.2.1 The Sampling shall be carried out in accordance with Sections 4.2.2 4.2.9 (for irregularly shaped tiles, see Note1specimens shall). Tiles and relevant specimens must contain no visible damage or cracks prior to testing. At least fiverepresentative test specimens shall
20、 be selected that have not been previously tested. testing and have not been previously tested.Any loose or contaminating material shall be removed. This includes any mesh, paper and adhesive that has been applied tomosaics. Cutting of specimens, as described in the following sections, shall consist
21、 of scoring and snapping, or sawing whenimpossible to score and snap with conventional tile scoring equipment (as can be the case with some glass tiles and highly texturedand structured porcelain tiles).NOTE 1For irregularly shaped tiles (hexagons, circles, and so forth), consider the area of the mi
22、nimum rectangle in which the tile can be fit.4.2.2 For tiles less than or equal to 205 205 mm (8 8 in.), at least five representative test specimens shall be selected.Specimens shall be cut in half, within 10 mm (0.4 in). Specimens shall be cut perpendicular to the longest side if the specimenhas un
23、equal sides. Select one half at random from each specimen for testing (see Fig. 1a and Fig. 1b).4.2.3 For tiles greater than 205 205 mm (8 8 in.) and less than or equal to 410 410 mm (16 16 in.), each in.) at leastfive representative test specimens shall be selected. Each specimen shall be cut into
24、four equal quadrants, within 10 mm (0.4 in).Select one quadrant at random from each specimen for testing (see Fig. 2).4.2.4 For tiles greater than 410 410 mm (16 16 in.), a 205 205 mm and less than or equal to 600 x 600 mm (24 x 24 in.),at least five representative test specimens shall be selected.
25、A 205 205 mm (8 8 in.) portion, within 10 mm (0.4 in), shall becut from one corner of each specimen for testing (see Fig. 3.).(a.) Equal Sides: x # 205 mm, , a = 12 x (within 10 mm)(b.) Unequal Sides: x # 205 mm, y# 205 mm, x y, a = 12 x (within 10 mm)(b.) Unequal Sides: x # 205 mm, y # 205 mm, x y,
26、 a = 12 x (within 10 mm)FIG. 1C373 1624.2.5 For tiles greater than 600 mm x 600 mm (24 x 24 in.), at least three representative test specimens shall be selected.A205x 205 mm (8 x 8 in.) portion, within 10 mm (0.4 in), shall be cut from each of the four corners of each specimen for testing (seeFig. 4
27、).4.2.6 For non-square tiles which have a side less than or equal to 205 mm (8 in.) and a side greater than 205 mm (8 in.), eachand less than 1000 mm (39 in.), at least five representative test specimens shall be selected. Each specimen shall be cut onceperpendicular to the longest side, such that a
28、 205 mm (8 in.) (8 in.) portion, within 10 mm (0.4 in), from the end remains for testing(see Fig. 45).FIG. 2205 mm 410 mm, y 410410 mm 600 mm, y 600 mm, a = 205 mm (within 10 mm)C373 1634.2.7 For non-square tiles which have a side less than or equal to 205 mm (8 in.) and a side greater than or equal
29、 to 1000 mm(39 in.), at least five representative test specimens shall be selected. Each specimen shall be cut twice, once on each end,perpendicular to the longest side, such that two 205 mm (8 in.) portions within 10 mm (0.4 in.), one from each end, remain fortesting (see Fig. 6).4.2.8 For non-squa
30、re tiles which have a side greater than 205 mm (8 in.) (8 in.) and less than or equal to 410 mm (16 in.), anda side greater than 410 mm (16 in.), each at least five representative test specimens shall be selected. Each specimen shall be cutonce perpendicular to the longest side, such that a 205 mm (
31、8 in.) (8 in.) portion, within 10 mm (0.4 in.), from the end remains.The 205 mm (8 in.) portion shall be cut a second time, in half, within 10 mm (0.4 in.) perpendicular to the first cut. Select onehalf at random from each specimen for testing (see Fig. 57).4.2.9 If a tile does not weigh at least 50
32、 g (0.11 lb) prior to cutting, then multiple whole pieces may be used to equal one testspecimen with a mass of at least 50 g (0.11 lb). At least five representative test specimens shall be assembled.5. Procedure5.1 Dry the test specimens to constant mass (Note 23) by heating in an oven at 150 6 5C (
33、302 6 9F) for a minimum of 24h (or such other time as has been established for the oven in use and the mass of the tiles being dried), followed by cooling in adesiccator. Determine the dry mass, D, to the nearest 0.01 g (0.00002 lb) (see Note 12).NOTE 2Specimens being tested directly following their
34、 manufacture may be considered fully dried so long as they have not been subjected to anyprocess that wets the specimen post firing (such as can occur in cutting and polishing operations) and are placed in a desiccator sufficiently quickly(usually within no more than 30 min of exiting the kiln) that
35、 no moisture has been absorbed from ambient air.NOTE 3The drying of the specimens and the determination of their masses may be done either before or after the specimens have been impregnatedwith water. Usually the dry mass is determined before impregnation. However, if the specimens are friable or e
36、vidence indicates that particles have brokenloose during the impregnation, the specimens shall be dried and weighed after the suspended mass and the saturated mass have been determined, inaccordance with 5.4 and 5.5. In this case, the second dry mass shall be used in all appropriate calculations.5.2
37、 Addition of Specimens to DI or Distilled Water: Water Impregnation of Extruded Ceramic Tiles and Non-tile Fired CeramicWhiteware Products Using the Boil Method:5.2.1 For Ceramic Whitewares, Glass Tiles, and Pressed Ceramic TilesNon-tile Fired Ceramic WhitewaresBring DI ordistilled water to a boil i
38、n a stainless steel boiling container. (WarningHandling water at boiling or near boiling temperature canpresent a safety hazard. Wear appropriate personal protective equipment.) Place the specimens in the boiling DI or distilled water,and use setter pins, a rustproof rack, or equivalent to separate
39、the specimens from the bottom and sides of the stainless steel boilingcontainer and from each other. The DI or distilled water shall be unused and of sufficient quantity that the test specimens are fullysubmerged and the mass ratio of water to test specimens is at least 3:1.5.2.2 For Extruded Cerami
40、c TilesPlace the specimens in a stainless steel boiling container of DI or distilled water at roomtemperature, and use setter pins, a rustproof rack, or equivalent to separate the specimens from the bottom and sides of the stainlesssteel boiling container and from each other. The DI or distilled wat
41、er shall be unused and of sufficient quantity such that the testspecimens are fully submerged and the mass ratio of water to test specimens is at least 3:1. Bring the DI or distilled water withsubmerged specimens to a boil in one hour or less.5.2.3 Boil the specimens for 5 h 6 5 min. Place a loose c
42、over over the container to minimize water loss through evaporation.Test specimens shall be completely immersed in the boiling DI or distilled water throughout the duration of the 5 h boil. Add DIor distilled water as needed to ensure the specimens are completely immersed at all times. Ensure that th
43、e boil is maintainedFIG. 45x 205205 mm 410 mm, 205 mm y # 410 mm, a = 205 mm (within 10 mm), b = 12 y (within 10 mm)C373 1656.1.3 The apparent porosity, P, expresses, as a percent, the relationship of the volume of the open pores of the specimen to itsexterior volume. Calculate the apparent porosity
44、 as follows:P 5M 2D!/V# 3100 (4)6.1.4 The water absorption, A, expresses as a percent, the relationship of the mass of water absorbed to the mass of the dryspecimen. Calculate the water absorption as follows:A 5M 2D!/D# 3100 (5)6.1.5 Calculate the apparent specific gravity, T, of that portion of the
45、 test specimen that is impervious to water, as follows:T 5D/D 2S! (6)6.1.6 The bulk density, B, in grams per cubic centimetre,centimeter, of a specimen is the quotient of its dry mass divided bythe exterior volume, including pores. Calculate the bulk density as follows:B 5D/V (7)7. Report7.1 Report
46、the average (Note 4) of all the specimens tested for each desired property (V, VOP, VIP, P,A, T, or B, or combinationsthereof) and also the individual values to one decimal place by rounding to the nearest tenth. For example, 0.44 rounds to 0.4 and0.46 rounds to 0.5. If the calculated property ends
47、in exactly five hundredths, round to the nearest even tenth (for example, 0.45rounds to 0.4, 0.55 rounds to 0.6, 0.65 rounds to 0.6, and 0.75 rounds to 0.8).NOTE 4The average shall be calculated using the individual values before they are rounded. The same rounding technique shall be applied to thea
48、verage after it is calculated.8. Precision and Bias8.1 PrecisionPrecision: No statement is made about the precision of this test method since no test data are available yet topermit such a statement to be made. Work is planned to develop this data.8.1.1 Vacuum Method3An intermediate precision study
49、has been conducted using a single laboratory with three differentoperators. The referenced study involved test conditions of six different types of tile. Three replicate tests were conducted for eachcondition, with the results as follows:Summary of Precision DataMATERIAL Xbar sXbar sr sR r R1 0.07% 0.01% 0.00% 0.01% 0.01% 0.02%2 0.30% 0.03% 0.01% 0.03% 0.04% 0.10%3 0.32% 0.02% 0.01% 0.02% 0.02% 0.05%4 2.89% 0.01% 0.03% 0.03% 0.08% 0.08%5 4.02% 0.03% 0.00% 0.03% 0.01% 0.08%6 13.77% 0.02% 0.17% 0.17% 0.46% 0.46%8.1.2 Boil MethodT
