1、Designation: C373 16C373 161Standard Test Methods forDetermination of Water Absorption and AssociatedProperties by Vacuum Method for Pressed Ceramic Tilesand Glass Tiles and Boil Method for Extruded Ceramic Tilesand Non-tile Fired Ceramic Whiteware Products1This standard is issued under the fixed de
2、signation C373; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision
3、 or reapproval.1 NOTESection 5.3.1 was revised editorially in December 2016.1. Scope*1.1 These test methods covers procedures for determining water absorption, bulk density, apparent porosity, and apparentspecific gravity of non-tile fired unglazed ceramic whiteware2 products, glazed or unglazed cer
4、amic tiles, and glass tiles.1.2 The values stated in metric units are normative.The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-poundunits that are provided for information only and are not normative.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if an
5、y, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Significance and Use2.1 Measurement of density, porosity, and specific gravity is a tool for
6、determining the degree of maturation of a ceramic body,or for determining structural properties that may be required for a given application.3. Apparatus and Materials3.1 Balance or scale, of adequate capacity, suitable to weigh accurately to 0.01 g (0.00002 lb).3.2 Oven, capable of maintaining a te
7、mperature of 150 6 5C (302 6 9F).3.3 Wire Loop, Halter, or Basket, capable of supporting specimens under water for making suspended mass measurements.3.4 Suspended Mass Container (if Determination of Suspended Mass is Desired)A glass beaker or similar container of suchsize and shape that the sample,
8、 when suspended from the balance by the wire loop, specified in 3.3, is completely immersed inwater with the sample and the wire loop completely free of contact with any part of the container.3.5 Stainless Steel Boiling Container, suitable for boiling water and with sufficient capacity to hold the t
9、est specimens andquantity of water specified in 5.2. The container shall be equipped with a loose removable cover which does not allow pressureto build.3.6 Deionized (DI) or Distilled Water.3.7 Microfiber Cloth.3.8 Heat Source, such as a hot plate, burner, or equivalent to heat the water to boiling.
10、3.9 Desiccatora sealed chamber containing desiccants which is of sufficient size and capacity to allow specimens to coolwhile preventing the specimens from absorbing moisture from ambient air.1 These test methods is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C21 on Ceramic Whitewares and Related Produ
11、cts and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC21.03 on Methods for Whitewares and Environmental Concerns.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2016. Published August 2016. Originally approved in 1955. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as C373 2014a. DOI:10.1520/C0373-16.10.1520/C0373-16E01.2
12、Non-tile ceramic whitewares are ceramic whitewares as defined in ASTM Terminology Standard C242, excluding ceramic tiles.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit
13、may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at
14、the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.10 Pressure Vessel, capable of holding a vacuum of 91 6 5 kPa (26.9 6 1.5 inHg) below standard atmospheric pressure. Thevessel shall be large enough to hold the
15、 required number of tile samples and the necessary volume of water to cover the tiles duringtesting. A modified 41.5 quart pressure cooker has been found to meet these requirements.3.11 Vacuum Pump, capable of achieving and holding the required vacuum.3.12 Gauge, capable of measuring the required va
16、cuum. Gauge shall be installed on a manifold connected directly to thepressure vessel. Readings from any gauges present on the pump are not acceptable forms of measurement.3.13 Hoses, fittings, valves, solenoids, or combinations thereof, assembled in such a way to allow manually or automaticoperatio
17、n.3.14 Timer, accurate to 1 second.4. Test Specimens:4.1 Non-tile Fired Ceramic Whitewares:4.1.1 At least five representative test specimens shall be selected that have not been previously tested. The specimens shall beunglazed and shall have as much of the surface freshly fractured as is practical.
18、 Sharp edges or corners shall be removed. Thespecimens shall contain no cracks. The individual test specimens shall weigh at least 50 g (0.11 lb).4.2 Ceramic Tiles and Glass Tiles:4.2.1 Sampling shall be carried out in accordance with Sections 4.2.2 4.2.9 (for irregularly shaped tiles, see Note 1).
19、Tiles andrelevant specimens must contain no visible damage or cracks prior to testing and have not been previously tested. Any loose orcontaminating material shall be removed. This includes any mesh, paper and adhesive that has been applied to mosaics. Cuttingof specimens, as described in the follow
20、ing sections, shall consist of scoring and snapping, or sawing when impossible to scoreand snap with conventional tile scoring equipment (as can be the case with some glass tiles and textured and structured porcelaintiles).NOTE 1For irregularly shaped tiles (hexagons, circles, and so forth), conside
21、r the area of the minimum rectangle in which the tile can be fit.4.2.2 For tiles less than or equal to 205 205 mm (8 8 in.), at least five representative test specimens shall be selected.Specimens shall be cut in half, within 10 mm (0.4 in). Specimens shall be cut perpendicular to the longest side i
22、f the specimenhas unequal sides. Select one half at random from each specimen for testing (see Fig. 1a and Fig. 1b).4.2.3 For tiles greater than 205 205 mm (8 8 in.) and less than or equal to 410 410 mm (16 16 in.) at least fiverepresentative test specimens shall be selected. Each specimen shall be
23、cut into four equal quadrants, within 10 mm (0.4 in). Selectone quadrant at random from each specimen for testing (see Fig. 2).4.2.4 For tiles greater than 410 410 mm (16 16 in.), and less than or equal to 600 x 600 mm (24 x 24 in.), at least fiverepresentative test specimens shall be selected. A 20
24、5 205 mm (8 8 in.) portion, within 10 mm (0.4 in), shall be cut from onecorner of each specimen for testing (see Fig. 3).4.2.5 For tiles greater than 600 mm x 600 mm (24 x 24 in.), at least three representative test specimens shall be selected.A205x 205 mm (8 x 8 in.) portion, within 10 mm (0.4 in),
25、 shall be cut from each of the four corners of each specimen for testing (seeFig. 4).(a.) Equal Sides: x # 205 mm, , a = 12 x (within 10 mm)(b.) Unequal Sides: x # 205 mm, y # 205 mm, x y, a = 12 x (within 10 mm)FIG. 1C373 16124.2.6 For non-square tiles which have a side less than or equal to 205 mm
26、 (8 in.) and a side greater than 205 mm (8 in.), andless than 1000 mm (39 in.), at least five representative test specimens shall be selected. Each specimen shall be cut onceperpendicular to the longest side, such that a 205 mm (8 in.) portion, within 10 mm (0.4 in), from the end remains for testing
27、 (seeFig. 5).4.2.7 For non-square tiles which have a side less than or equal to 205 mm (8 in.) and a side greater than or equal to 1000 mm(39 in.), at least five representative test specimens shall be selected. Each specimen shall be cut twice, once on each end,perpendicular to the longest side, suc
28、h that two 205 mm (8 in.) portions within 10 mm (0.4 in.), one from each end, remain fortesting (see Fig. 6).4.2.8 For non-square tiles which have a side greater than 205 mm (8 in.) and less than or equal to 410 mm (16 in.), and a sidegreater than 410 mm (16 in.), at least five representative test s
29、pecimens shall be selected. Each specimen shall be cut onceperpendicular to the longest side, such that a 205 mm (8 in.) portion, within 10 mm (0.4 in.), from the end remains. The 205 mm(8 in.) portion shall be cut a second time, in half, within 10 mm (0.4 in.) perpendicular to the first cut. Select
30、 one half at randomfrom each specimen for testing (see Fig. 7).4.2.9 If a tile does not weigh at least 50 g (0.11 lb) prior to cutting, then multiple whole pieces may be used to equal one testspecimen with a mass of at least 50 g (0.11 lb). At least five representative test specimens shall be assemb
31、led.5. Procedure5.1 Dry the test specimens to constant mass (Note 3) by heating in an oven at 150 6 5C (302 6 9F) for a minimum of 24h (or such other time as has been established for the oven in use and the mass of the tiles being dried), followed by cooling in adesiccator. Determine the dry mass, D
32、, to the nearest 0.01 g (0.00002 lb) (see Note 2).NOTE 2Specimens being tested directly following their manufacture may be considered fully dried so long as they have not been subjected to anyprocess that wets the specimen post firing (such as can occur in cutting and polishing operations) and are p
33、laced in a desiccator sufficiently quickly(usually within no more than 30 min of exiting the kiln) that no moisture has been absorbed from ambient air.NOTE 3The drying of the specimens and the determination of their masses may be done either before or after the specimens have been impregnatedwith wa
34、ter. Usually the dry mass is determined before impregnation. However, if the specimens are friable or evidence indicates that particles have brokenloose during the impregnation, the specimens shall be dried and weighed after the suspended mass and the saturated mass have been determined, inaccordanc
35、e with 5.4 and 5.5. In this case, the second dry mass shall be used in all appropriate calculations.5.2 Water Impregnation of Extruded Ceramic Tiles and Non-tile Fired Ceramic Whiteware Products Using the Boil Method:5.2.1 For Non-tile Fired Ceramic WhitewaresBring DI or distilled water to a boil in
36、 a stainless steel boiling container.(WarningHandling water at boiling or near boiling temperature can present a safety hazard. Wear appropriate personalprotective equipment.) Place the specimens in the boiling DI or distilled water, and use setter pins, a rustproof rack, or equivalentto separate th
37、e specimens from the bottom and sides of the stainless steel boiling container and from each other. The DI or distilledwater shall be unused and of sufficient quantity that the test specimens are fully submerged and the mass ratio of water to testspecimens is at least 3:1.FIG. 2205 mm 600 mm, y 600
38、mm, a = 205 mm (within 10 mm)FIG. 5205 mm 410 mm, 205 mm y # 410 mm, a = 205 mm (within 10 mm), b = 12 y (within 10 mm)C373 16157. Report7.1 Report the average (Note 4) of all the specimens tested for each desired property (V, VOP, VIP, P,A, T, or B, or combinationsthereof) and also the individual v
39、alues to one decimal place by rounding to the nearest tenth. For example, 0.44 rounds to 0.4 and0.46 rounds to 0.5. If the calculated property ends in exactly five hundredths, round to the nearest even tenth (for example, 0.45rounds to 0.4, 0.55 rounds to 0.6, 0.65 rounds to 0.6, and 0.75 rounds to
40、0.8).NOTE 4The average shall be calculated using the individual values before they are rounded. The same rounding technique shall be applied to theaverage after it is calculated.8. Precision and Bias8.1 Precision:8.1.1 Vacuum Method3An intermediate precision study has been conducted using a single l
41、aboratory with three differentoperators. The referenced study involved test conditions of six different types of tile. Three replicate tests were conducted for eachcondition, with the results as follows:Summary of Precision DataMATERIAL Xbar sXbar sr sR r R1 0.07% 0.01% 0.00% 0.01% 0.01% 0.02%2 0.30
42、% 0.03% 0.01% 0.03% 0.04% 0.10%3 0.32% 0.02% 0.01% 0.02% 0.02% 0.05%4 2.89% 0.01% 0.03% 0.03% 0.08% 0.08%5 4.02% 0.03% 0.00% 0.03% 0.01% 0.08%6 13.77% 0.02% 0.17% 0.17% 0.46% 0.46%8.1.2 Boil MethodThis test method is accurate to 6 0.2 % water absorption in interlaboratory testing when the average va
43、luerecorded by all laboratories is assumed to be the true water absorption. The precision is approximately 6 0.1 % water absorptionon measurements made by a single experienced operator.8.2 BiasNo statement is made about the bias of this test method since no standard samples are available.9. Keywords
44、9.1 apparent porosity; apparent specific gravity; bulk density; ceramic tile; fired whiteware products; glass tile; water absorptionSUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee C21 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (C373 14a)that may impact the use of this standard
45、. (Approved August 1, 2016.)(1) Changed title from “Standard Test Method for Water Absorption, Bulk Density, Apparent Porosity, and Apparent SpecificGravity of Fired Whiteware Products, Ceramic Tiles, and Glass Tiles” to “Standard Test Methods for Determination of WaterAbsorption andAssociated Prope
46、rties by Vacuum Method for Pressed Ceramic Tiles and Glass Tiles and Boil Method for ExtrudedCeramic Tiles and Non-tile Fired Ceramic Whiteware Products.”(2) Revised 1.1, 4.1, 4.2.1 4.2.9, 5.2 and 5.2.1, 5.4 and 5.5, 7.1, 8.1 and 8.1.1.(3) Added 3.10 3.14, 5.3 5.3.2, new Notes 1 and 4, and new Figs.
47、 4 and 6.Committee C21 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (C373 88(2006) that may impact the use of this standard. (Dec. 1, 2014.)(1) Revised subsections 3.6, 5.2 5.3.(2) Revised subsections 4.2.2 4.2.6.(3) Added Figs. 1-7.(4) Revised Section 7.(5)
48、Revised subsection 5.5.(6) Minor editorial changes throughout for clarity.3 An interlaboratory study of this method is being conducted and a complete precision statement is expected to be available on or before December 2018.C373 1616ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of an
49、y patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn.Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additiona
