1、Designation: C373 17C373 18Standard Test Methods forDetermination of Water Absorption and AssociatedProperties by Vacuum Method for Pressed Ceramic Tilesand Glass Tiles and Boil Method for Extruded Ceramic Tilesand Non-tile Fired Ceramic Whiteware Products1This standard is issued under the fixed des
2、ignation C373; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision
3、or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 These test methods covers procedures for determining water absorption, bulk density, apparent porosity, and apparentspecific gravity of non-tile fired unglazed ceramic whiteware2 products, glazed or unglazed ceramic tiles, and glass tiles.1.2 The values stated in metric un
4、its are normative.The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-poundunits that are provided for information only and are not normative.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the use
5、r of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablis
6、hed in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine
7、the Precision of a Test Method3. Significance and Use3.1 Measurement of density, porosity, and specific gravity is a tool for determining the degree of maturation of a ceramic body,or for determining structural properties that may be required for a given application.4. Apparatus and Materials4.1 Bal
8、ance or scale, of adequate capacity, suitable to weigh accurately to 0.01 g (0.00002 lb).4.2 Oven, capable of maintaining a temperature of 150 6 5C (302 6 9F).4.3 Wire Loop, Halter, or Basket, capable of supporting specimens under water for making suspended mass measurements.4.4 Suspended Mass Conta
9、iner (if Determination of Suspended Mass is Desired)A glass beaker or similar container of suchsize and shape that the sample, when suspended from the balance by the wire loop, specified in 4.3, is completely immersed inwater with the sample and the wire loop completely free of contact with any part
10、 of the container.4.5 Stainless Steel Boiling Container, suitable for boiling water and with sufficient capacity to hold the test specimens andquantity of water specified in 6.2. The container shall be equipped with a loose removable cover which does not allow pressureto build.4.6 Deionized (DI) or
11、Distilled Water.4.7 Microfiber Cloth.1 These test methods is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C21 on Ceramic Whitewares and Related Products and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC21.03 on Methods for Whitewares and Environmental Concerns.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2017Feb.
12、1, 2018. Published September 2017February 2018. Originally approved in 1955. Last previous edition approved in 20162017as C373 16C373 17.1. DOI: 10.1520/C0373-17.10.1520/C0373-18.2 Non-tile ceramic whitewares are ceramic whitewares as defined in ASTM Terminology Standard C242, excluding ceramic tile
13、s.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior e
14、ditions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2
15、959. United States14.8 Heat Source, such as a hot plate, burner, or equivalent to heat the water to boiling.4.9 Desiccatora sealed chamber containing desiccants which is of sufficient size and capacity to allow specimens to coolwhile preventing the specimens from absorbing moisture from ambient air.
16、4.10 Pressure Vessel, capable of holding a vacuum of 91 6 5 kPa (26.9 6 1.5 inHg) below standard atmospheric pressure. Thevessel shall be large enough to hold the required number of tile samples and the necessary volume of water to cover the tiles duringtesting. A modified 41.5 quart pressure cooker
17、 has been found to meet these requirements.4.11 Vacuum Pump, capable of achieving and holding the required vacuum.4.12 Gauge, capable of measuring the required vacuum. Gauge shall be installed on a manifold connected directly to thepressure vessel. Readings from any gauges present on the pump are no
18、t acceptable forms of measurement.4.13 Hoses, fittings, valves, solenoids, or combinations thereof, assembled in such a way to allow manually or automaticoperation.4.14 Timer, accurate to 1 second.5. Test Specimens:5.1 Non-tile Fired Ceramic Whitewares:5.1.1 At least five representative test specime
19、ns shall be selected that have not been previously tested. The specimens shall beunglazed and shall have as much of the surface freshly fractured as is practical. Sharp edges or corners shall be removed. Thespecimens shall contain no cracks. The individual test specimens shall weigh at least 50 g (0
20、.11 lb).5.2 Ceramic Tiles and Glass Tiles:5.2.1 Sampling shall be carried out in accordance with SectionsTable 1 5.2.2 5.2.9and 5.2.2 through 5.2.8 based on the length(x), width (y), and the area of the tiles to be tested (for irregularly shaped tiles, see Note 1). Tiles and relevant specimens mustc
21、ontain no visible damage or cracks prior to testing and have not been previously tested.Any loose or contaminating material shallbe removed. This includes any mesh, paper and adhesive that has been applied to mosaics. Cutting of specimens, as described inthe following sections, shall consist of scor
22、ing and snapping, or sawing when impossible to score and snap with conventional tilescoring equipment (as can be the case with some glass tiles and textured and structured porcelain tiles).NOTE 1For irregularly shaped tiles (hexagons, circles, and so forth), consider the area of the minimum rectangl
23、e in which the tile can be fit.5.2.2 For tiles less than or equal to 205420 cm2 (65 in.2 205 mm (8 8 in.), ), at least five representative test specimens shallbe selected. Specimens shall be cut in half, within 10 mm (0.4 in).in.). Specimens shall be cut perpendicular to the longest sideif the speci
24、men has unequal sides. Select one half at random from each specimen for testing (see Fig. 1a and Fig. 1b).5.2.3 For tiles greater than 205 205 mm (8 8 in.) and less than or equal to 410 410 mm (16 16 in.) at least fiverepresentative test specimens shall be selected. Each specimen shall be cut into f
25、our equal quadrants, within 10 mm (0.4 in). Selectone quadrant at random from each specimen for testing (see Fig. 2).5.2.3 For tiles greater than 410420 cm2 (65 in.2 410 mm (16 16 in.), ) and less than or equal to 600 3600 cm2 (558 in.2x 600mm (24 x 24 in.),), with x and y 205 mm (8 in.), at least f
26、ive representative test specimens shall be selected. A 205 205 mm(8 8 in.) portion, within 10 mm (0.4 in),in.), shall be cut from one corner of each specimen for testing (see Fig. 32).5.2.5 For tiles greater than 600 mm x 600 mm (24 x 24 in.), at least three representative test specimens shall be se
27、lected.A205x 205 mm (8 x 8 in.) portion, within 10 mm (0.4 in), shall be cut from each of the four corners of each specimen for testing (seeFig. 4).5.2.4 For non-square tiles which have a side less than or equaltiles greater than 420 cm2 to (65 in.2), with 205 mm (8 in.) anda side greater than 205 m
28、m 8 in)5.2.3 1 5 5Area 420 cm2 (65 in.2)(with 205 mm 8 in. 420 cm2 (65 in.2)(x $ 1000 mm 39 in. and y # 205 mm 8 in.)5.2.5 2 5 10Area 3600 cm2 (558 in.2)(with x and y $ 410 mm 16 in.)5.2.6 4 3 12Area 3600 cm2 (558 in.2)(with x $ 410 mm 16 in. and205 mm 8 in. y, a = 12 x (within 10 mm)(b.) Unequal Si
29、des: area # 420 cm2, x y, a = 12 x (within 10 mm)FIG. 1 (a) the details are given in ASTM Research Report No. RR:C21-1020.39.1.1 Repeatability (r)The difference, within a 95 % confidence interval, between repetitive results obtained by the sameoperator in a given laboratory applying this same test m
30、ethod with the same apparatus under constant operating conditions onidentical test material in the normal and correct operation of this test method.9.1.1.1 Repeatability limits are listed in Table 12.9.1.2 Reproducibility (R)The difference, within a 95 % confidence interval, between two single and i
31、ndependent resultsobtained by different operators applying this same test method in different laboratories using different apparatus on identical testmaterial in the normal and correct operation of this test method.9.1.2.1 Reproducibility limits are listed in Table 12.9.2 Boil Method for Extruded Ti
32、lesAn intermediate precision study has been conducted using a single laboratory with threedifferent operators. The referenced study involved test conditions of three different sets of tile. Three replicate tests were conductedfor each condition (results are listed in Table 23).3 Supporting data have
33、 been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:C21-1020. Contact ASTM CustomerService at serviceastm.org.C373 1869.3 BiasNo statement is made about the bias of this test method since no standard samples are available.10. Keywords10.1 apparent poro
34、sity; apparent specific gravity; bulk density; ceramic tile; fired whiteware products; glass tile; waterabsorptionSUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee C21 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (C373 17)that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved Feb. 1,
35、 2018.)(1) Removed previous 5.2.3, Figs. 2 and 7 (affected sections and figures renumbered accordingly).(2) Added new Table 1 and Fig. 6.(3) Revised 5.2.1 5.2.8.SUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee C21 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue(C373 161) that may im
36、pact the use of this standard. (Approved Sept. 1, 2017.)(1) Added Section 2 (“Referenced Documents”).(2) Revised Section 9.(3) Added Tables 1 and 2.Committee C21 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (C373 14a)that may impact the use of this standard.
37、(Approved August 1, 2016.)(1) Changed title from “Standard Test Method for Water Absorption, Bulk Density, Apparent Porosity, and Apparent SpecificGravity of Fired Whiteware Products, Ceramic Tiles, and Glass Tiles” to “Standard Test Methods for Determination of WaterAbsorption andAssociated Propert
38、ies by Vacuum Method for Pressed Ceramic Tiles and Glass Tiles and Boil Method for ExtrudedCeramic Tiles and Non-tile Fired Ceramic Whiteware Products.”(2) Revised 1.1, 4.1, 4.2.1 4.2.9, 5.2 and 5.2.1, 5.4 and 5.5, 7.1, 8.1 and 8.1.1.(3) Added 3.10 3.14, 5.3 5.3.2, new Notes 1 and 4, and new Figs. 4
39、 and 6.TABLE 12 Pressed Tile Water Absorption (%)Material AverageRepeatabilityStandardDeviationReproducibilityStandardDeviationRepeatabilityLimitReproducibilityLimitx sr sR r RImpervious Tile #1Pressed 0.0675 0.0079 0.0144 0.0221 0.0402Impervious Tile #2Pressed 0.2333 0.0200 0.0597 0.0560 0.1670Impe
40、rvious Tile #3Pressed 0.2783 0.0166 0.0435 0.0464 0.1219Vitreous TilePressed 2.8496 0.0469 0.0663 0.1312 0.1856Semi-vitreous TilePressed 3.9504 0.0418 0.0971 0.1171 0.2719Non-vitreous TilePressed 13.5946 0.1015 0.3286 0.2841 0.9202TABLE 23 Extruded Tile Water Absorption (%)Material AverageRepeatabil
41、ityStandardDeviationReproducibilityStandardDeviationRepeatabilityLimitReproducibilityLimitx sr sR r RVitreous Tile #1Extruded 2.1728 0.0444 0.0444 0.1245 0.1245Vitreous Tile #2Extruded 2.1523 0.0223 0.0246 0.0623 0.0689Semi-vitreous TileExtruded 4.6048 0.1521 0.1521 0.4259 0.4259C373 187ASTM Interna
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43、eir own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn.Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should
44、be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standar
45、ds, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832
46、-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 2205 mm x # 410 mm, 205 mm y # 410 mm, a = 12 x (within 10 mm), b = 12 y (within 10 mm)C373 188
