1、Designation: C403/C403M 16Standard Test Method forTime of Setting of Concrete Mixtures by PenetrationResistance1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C403/C403M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the yea
2、r of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers th
3、e determination of the time ofsetting of concrete, with slump greater than zero, by means ofpenetration resistance measurements on mortar sieved from theconcrete mixture.1.2 This test method is suitable for use only when tests ofthe mortar fraction will provide the information required.1.3 This test
4、 method may also be applied to preparedmortars and grouts.1.4 This test method is applicable under controlled labora-tory conditions, as well as under field conditions.1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach syst
5、em may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresp
6、onsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Ag-gregatesC143/C143M Test Method for Sl
7、ump of Hydraulic-CementConcreteC172 Practice for Sampling Freshly Mixed ConcreteC173/C173M Test Method forAir Content of Freshly MixedConcrete by the Volumetric MethodC192/C192M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete TestSpecimens in the LaboratoryC231 Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed C
8、on-crete by the Pressure MethodC670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statementsfor Test Methods for Construction MaterialsC802 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Test Pro-gram to Determine the Precision of Test Methods forConstruction MaterialsD1558 Test Method for Moisture Content
9、Penetration Resis-tance Relationships of Fine-Grained SoilsE11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and TestSievesE2251 Specification for Liquid-in-Glass ASTM Thermom-eters with Low-Hazard Precision Liquids3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions are given in TerminologyC125.4. Summary of T
10、est Method4.1 A mortar sample is obtained by sieving a representativesample of fresh concrete. The mortar is placed in a containerand stored at a specified ambient temperature. At regular timeintervals, the resistance of the mortar to penetration by stan-dard needles is measured. From a plot of pene
11、tration resistanceversus elapsed time, the times of initial and final setting aredetermined.5. Significance and Use5.1 Since the setting of concrete is a gradual process, anydefinition of time of setting must necessarily be arbitrary. Inthis test method, the times required for the mortar to reachspe
12、cified values of resistance to penetration are used to definetimes of setting.5.2 This test method can be used to determine the effects ofvariables, such as water content; brand, type and amount ofcementitious material; or admixtures, upon the time of setting1This test method is under the jurisdicti
13、on of ASTM Committee C09 onConcrete and Concrete Aggregatesand is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC09.23 on Chemical Admixtures.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2016. Published January 2017. Originallyapproved in 1957. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as C403/C403M08.DOI: 10.1520/C040
14、3_C0403M-16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end
15、of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDeve
16、lopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1of concrete. This test method may also be used to determinecompliance with specified time-of-setting requirements.5.3 This test method may also be applie
17、d to preparedmortars and grouts. However, when the setting time of concreteis desired, the test shall be performed on mortar sieved fromthe concrete mixture and not on a prepared mortar intended tosimulate the mortar fraction of the concrete; it has been shownthat the initial and final setting times
18、 may be increased whenusing the prepared mortar.6. Apparatus6.1 Containers for Mortar SpecimensThe containers shallbe rigid, watertight, nonabsorptive, free of oil or grease, andeither cylindrical or rectangular in cross section. Mortarsurface area shall be provided for ten undisturbed readings ofpe
19、netration resistance in accordance with clear distance re-quirements specified in Procedure. The lateral dimension shallbe at least 6 in. 150 mm and the height at least 6 in. 150mm.6.2 Penetration NeedlesNeedles shall be provided whichcan be attached to the loading apparatus and which have thefollow
20、ing bearing areas: 1,12,14,110,120, and140 in.2645,323, 161, 65, 32, and 16 mm2. Each needle shank shall bescribed circumferentially at a distance 1 in. 25 mm from thebearing area. The length of the140 in.216-mm2 needle shallbe not more than 312 in. 90 mm.6.3 Loading ApparatusA device shall be provi
21、ded tomeasure the force required to cause penetration of the needles.The device shall be capable of measuring the penetration forcewith an accuracy of 62 lbf 10 N and shall have a capacity ofat least 130 lbf 600 N.NOTE 1Suitable loading apparatus can be of the spring-reaction typeas described in Tes
22、t Method D1558, or of other types with a calibratedforce measuring device, such as an electronic load cell or a hydraulicpressure gage.6.4 Tamping RodThe tamping rod shall be a round,straight, steel rod58 in. 16 mm in diameter and approxi-mately 24 in. 600 mm in length, having the tamping end orboth
23、 ends rounded to a hemispherical tip, the diameter ofwhich is58 in. 16 mm.6.5 PipetApipet or other suitable instrument shall be usedfor drawing off bleed water from the surface of the testspecimen.6.6 ThermometerThe thermometer shall be capable ofmeasuring the temperature of the fresh mortar to 61F6
24、0.5C. ASTM liquid-in-glass thermometers having a temperaturerange from 0 to 120 F 20 to 50 C, and conforming to therequirements of Thermometer 97F (or 97C) as prescribed inSpecification E2251 are satisfactory. Other thermometers ofthe required accuracy, including the metal immersion type, areaccepta
25、ble.7. Sampling, Test Specimens, and Test Units7.1 For tests under field conditions, prepare three specimensfrom each sample of concrete.7.2 For tests under laboratory conditions, the requirementsdepend upon the purpose of the tests.7.2.1 For testing to prove compliance of a material withperformance
26、 requirements, make at least three separate con-crete batches for each variable under investigation. Performone time of setting test on each batch. Make an equal numberof batches for each variable on any one day. When it isimpossible to perform at least one test for each variable on anyone day, mix
27、the entire series of batches in as few days aspossible, and repeat one of the mixtures each day as a standardfor comparison.7.2.2 For other tests, prepare three test specimens from onebatch of concrete for each test variable.7.3 Record the time at which initial contact was madebetween cement and mix
28、ing water.7.4 For tests under field conditions, obtain a representativesample of the fresh concrete in accordance with Practice C172.For tests under laboratory conditions, make the concrete inaccordance with Practice C192/C192M. Determine and recordthe slump (Test Method C143/C143M) and air content
29、(TestMethod C173/C173M or C231) of the fresh concrete.7.5 From the concrete not used in the slump and air contenttests, select a representative portion of sufficient volume toprovide enough mortar to fill the test container, or containers,to a depth of at least 512 in. 140 mm.7.6 Using the procedure
30、 in Practice C172, obtain a mortarsample by wet-sieving the selected portion of concrete througha 4.75-mm sieve3and onto a nonabsorptive surface.7.7 Thoroughly remix the mortar by hand methods on thenonabsorptive surface. Measure and record the temperature ofthe mortar. Place the mortar in the conta
31、iner, or containers,using a single layer. Consolidate the mortar to eliminate airpockets in the specimen and level the top surface. This may beaccomplished by rocking the container back and forth on asolid surface, by tapping the sides of the container with thetamping rod, by rodding the mortar, or
32、by placing the containeron a vibrating table (see Note 2). If rodding is used, rod themortar with the hemispherical end of the tamping rod. Rod themortar once for each 1 in.2645 mm2 of top surface area ofthe specimen and distribute the strokes uniformly over thecross section of the specimen.After co
33、mpletion of the rodding,tap the sides of the containers lightly with the tamping rod toclose voids left by the tamping rod and to further level thesurface of the specimen. Upon completion of specimenpreparation, the mortar surface shall be at least12 in. 10 mmbelow the top edge of the container to p
34、rovide space for thecollection and removal of bleed water and to avoid contactbetween the mortar surface and the protective covering speci-fied in Section 8.NOTE 2Sieved mortar is generally of fluid consistency and air pocketsare readily removed by the listed consolidation methods. The user shouldex
35、ercise judgment in the selection of the consolidation method. Rockingthe container or tapping of the sides should be sufficient for fluid mortars.Rodding or using a vibrating table may be desirable for stiffer mortars.When using a vibrating table, use low-amplitude vibration so that portions3Detaile
36、d requirements for this sieve are given in Specification E11.C403/C403M 162of the sample are not ejected from the container.8. Conditioning8.1 For tests under laboratory conditions, the storage tem-perature for specimens shall be within the range 68 to 77 F 20to 25 C, or as specified by the user.8.2
37、 For tests under field conditions, store the specimensunder ambient conditions, or as specified by the user. Shield thespecimens from direct sunlight.8.3 Measure and record the ambient air temperature at thestart and finish of the test. To prevent excessive evaporation ofmoisture, keep the specimens
38、 covered with a suitable materialsuch as damp burlap or a tight-fitting, water-impermeablecover for the duration of the test, except when bleed water isbeing removed or penetration tests are being made.9. Procedure9.1 Just prior to making a penetration test, remove bleedwater from the surface of the
39、 mortar specimens by means of apipet or suitable instrument. To facilitate collection of bleedwater, tilt the specimen carefully to an angle of about 10 fromthe horizontal by placing a block under one side 2 min prior toremoval of the water.9.2 Insert a needle of appropriate size, depending upon the
40、degree of setting of the mortar, in the penetration resistanceapparatus and bring the bearing surface of the needle intocontact with the mortar surface. Gradually and uniformly applya vertical force downward on the apparatus until the needlepenetrates the mortar to a depth of 1 6116 in. 25 6 2 mm,as
41、 indicated by the scribe mark (Note 4). The time required topenetrate to the 1-in. 25-mm depth shall be 10 6 2 s. Recordthe force required to produce the 1-in. 25-mm penetration andthe time of application, measured as elapsed time after initialcontact of cement and water. Calculate the penetration r
42、esis-tance by dividing the recorded force by the bearing area of theneedle, and record the penetration resistance. In subsequentpenetration tests take care to avoid areas where the mortar hasbeen disturbed by previous tests. The clear distance betweenneedle impressions shall be at least two diameter
43、s of the needlebeing used, but not less than12 in. 15 mm. The clear distancebetween any needle impression and the side of the containershall be at least 1 in. 25 mm, but not more than 2 in. 50 mm,as depicted in Fig. 1.NOTE 3For a cylindrical container with the smallest allowable outerdiameter of 6 i
44、n., the operator can reasonably expect to achieve approxi-mately eight penetrations before impinging upon previous penetrations.This is based on using needles of the following surface areas: 1 12 13,214 6, 2 110 2.5, 2 120 1.3, and 1 140 0.6 in.2mm2.NOTE 4To facilitate determination of when the requ
45、ired penetrationhas been attained, a sliding marker may be attached to the needle shaft.For example, a paper clip or masking tape may be placed on the shaft sothat it coincides with the scribe mark.The marker should not interfere withthe penetration of the needle into the mortar. The position of the
46、 markershould be checked prior to making a penetration.9.3 For conventional concrete mixtures at laboratory tem-peratures of 68 to 77 F 20 to 25 C, make the initial test afteran elapsed time of 3 to 4 h after initial contact between cementand water. Subsequent tests should be made at12-to1-hinterval
47、s. For concrete mixtures containing accelerators, or attemperatures higher than laboratory, it is advisable to make theinitial test after an elapsed time of 1 to 2 h and subsequent testsat12-h intervals. For concrete mixtures containing retarders, orat temperatures lower than laboratory, the initial
48、 test may bedeferred until an elapsed time of 4 to 6 h. In all cases, timeintervals between subsequent tests may be adjusted asnecessary, depending upon the rate of setting, to obtain therequired number of penetrations.9.4 Make at least six penetrations for each time-of-settingtest, with time interv
49、als of such duration as to provide asatisfactory curve of penetration resistance versus elapsed time(Note 5). Continue testing until one at least penetrationresistance reading equals or exceeds 4000 psi 27.6 MPa.NOTE 5A satisfactory curve is one which represents the overalldevelopment of penetration resistance and includes points before and afterthe times of initial and final setting to improve the accuracy of the requiredinterpolation. For normal setting mixtures, test points
