1、Designation: C417 05 (Reapproved 2015)Standard Test Method forThermal Conductivity of Unfired Monolithic Refractories1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C417; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the yea
2、r of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method supplements Test Method C201, andshall be used in conjunction with that test method for deter-mi
3、ning the thermal conductivity of unfired monolithic refrac-tories.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.3 This standard d
4、oes not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM St
5、andards:2C182 Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of InsulatingFirebrickC201 Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of RefractoriesC862 Practice for Preparing Refractory Concrete Specimensby CastingC1054 Practice for Pressing and Drying Refractory Plasticand Ramming Mix SpecimensE220 Test Method for
6、Calibration of Thermocouples ByComparison Techniques3. Significance and Use3.1 The thermal conductivity of monolithic refractories is aproperty required for selecting their thermal transmissioncharacteristics. Users select monolithic refractories to providespecified conditions of heat loss and cold
7、face temperature,without exceeding the temperature limitation of the monolithicrefractory. This test method establishes placement of thermo-couples and positioning of test specimens in the calorimeter.3.2 This procedure must be used with Test Method C201and requires a large thermal gradient and stea
8、dy state condi-tions. The results are based upon a mean temperature.3.3 The data from this test method are suitable for specifi-cation acceptance, estimating heat loss and surfacetemperature, and the design of multi-layer refractory construc-tion.3.4 The use of these data requires consideration of t
9、he actualapplication environment and conditions.4. Apparatus4.1 The apparatus shall be in accordance with Test MethodC201, modified as in 4.2 of this test method, with the additionof thermocouples and refractory fiber paper, as described inSections 6 and 7.4.2 The furnace shall be modified by drilli
10、ng a nominal38-in. (10-mm) diameter hole (Fig. 1) through the insulatingfirebrick in the furnace wall at each end of the center line of the18-in. (456-mm) dimension of the furnace cavity. These holesshall be positioned so that the length of the hole will be parallelto the calorimeter surface and the
11、 bottom of the hole willcoincide with the surface of the calorimeter. Copper tubingshall be placed within each hole so that a compressed-airsource can be attached to one side and flexible leads to aflowmeter can be attached to the other.4.3 A compressed-air supply and flowmeter for air.5. Test Speci
12、mens5.1 Castable RefractoriesThe test specimens may consistof either a panel 18 by 1312 by 212 in. (456 by 342 by 64 mm),or an assembly of three straights 9 by 412 by 212 in. (228 by114 by 64 mm) and six soaps 9 by 214 by 212 in. (228 by 57by 64 mm). These specimens shall be prepared as in one of th
13、efollowing methods and in general accordance with the manu-facturers recommendation for water content and PracticeC862.5.1.1 Panel SpecimensThis test specimen shall be amonolithic panel 18 by 1312 by 212 in. (456 by 342 by 64 mm)in size, and shall be prepared in general accordance withPractice C862,
14、 as outlined in 5.1. The panel shall be cast in a1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 onRefractoriesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.02 on ThermalProperties.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2015. Published October 2015. Originallyapproved in 1958. Las
15、t previous edition approved in 2010 as C417 05(2010)1.DOI: 10.1520/C0417-05R15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page o
16、nthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1steel mold with two steel rods (Note 1) taped in place at thecenter line of the 18-in. (456-mm) length of the mold cavity.These steel rods form the slot required so tha
17、t the panel will fitover the tubing used for the entrance and exhaust of air andmoisture from the furnace (see Fig. 1).NOTE 1Two12-in. (13-mm) diameter steel rods 2 in. (51 mm) longshould have approximately132 in. (0.8 mm) removed longitudinally toprovide a flat base.5.1.2 Straight SpecimensThis tes
18、t specimen shall be three9by412 by 212-in. (228 by 114 by 64-mm) straight brick andsix9by214 by 212-in. (228 by 57 by 64-mm) soap brick andshall be prepared in accordance with Practice C862, as outlinedin 5.1 and 5.1.1, and by cutting as required. The 9 by 412-in.(228 by 114-mm) face of the three st
19、raight brick and the 9 by214-in. face of the soap brick shall be flat and parallel, and thethickness shall not vary more than 60.01 in. (60.3 mm). Nogrinding of the finish face is required if care is taken whenremoving the excess mix with the strikeoff bar and slicking theexposed surface with a mini
20、mum amount of troweling. Steelrods (described in Note 1) shall be used in two cavities toprovide the required slots for air entry and exit.5.2 Plastic RefractoriesThe test specimens shall be of thesize and number described in 4.1 of Test Method C201, andshall be prepared in accordance with Practice
21、C1054 and 3.2 ofTest Method C201. The soap specimens shall be prepared bycutting dry 9-in. (228-mm) straight specimens with a suitableabrasive cut-off saw. The soap brick adjacent to the 9-in.(228-mm) face of the guard brick shall be slotted with asuitable abrasive cut-off saw at the center line of
22、the 9-in.(228-mm) length to fit over the tubing used for the entrance,and exhaust of the air and moisture.5.3 Specimen Curing and DryingAfter the specifiedcuring, the specimens shall be placed in a dryer at 250F(120C) for a minimum of 24 h, or until constant mass has beenachieved.6. Installation of
23、Thermocouples in Test Specimen6.1 ThermocouplesEmbed calibrated thermocouples3inthe test specimen at two points for measurement of tempera-ture. Use platinum-10 % rhodium/platinum, Awg Gauge 28(0.320-mm) wire in making the thermocouples.6.2 Installation of Thermocouples:6.2.1 For castable specimens
24、prepared in accordance with5.1.1, use the following thermocouple installation procedure.Place the hot junction of the thermocouples in the center ofeach 18 by 1312-in. (456 by 342-mm) face and just below thesurface of the test specimen. Cut grooves to receive the wire ineach 18 by 1312-in. (456 by 3
25、42-mm) face to a depth of132 in.(0.8 mm) by means of an abrasive wheel 0.02 in. (0.5 mm) inthickness. The layout for the grooves allows all of thecold-junction ends of the wires to extend from one end of thespecimen. Cut a groove in the center of each 18 by 1312-in.(456 by 342-mm) face along the 18-
26、in. (456-mm) dimensionand ending 112 in. (38 mm) from the center point of thespecimen. Extend the path of each groove at an angle of 90 toone end of the specimen by cutting grooves parallel to the1312-in. (342-mm) edges and 112 in. (3.8 mm) from the centerpoint of the specimen. Before cementing the
27、thermocouplewires in place, take measurements to obtain, within 0.01 in.(0.3 mm), the eventual distance between the center lines of thethermocouple junctions. Do this by measuring the 212-in.(64-mm) dimension of the specimens at the location for the hotjunctions and deducting the distance between th
28、e center line ofeach junction in its embedded position and the surface of thespecimen.6.2.2 For castable specimens prepared in accordance with5.1.2 and plastic refractory specimens prepared in accordancewith 5.2, use the following thermocouple installation proce-dure. Place the hot junction of the t
29、hermocouples in the centerof each 9 by 412-in. (228 by 114-mm) face, and just below thesurface of the test specimen. Cut grooves to receive the wire ineach9by412-in. (228 by 114-mm) face of the brick to a depthof132 in. (0.8 mm) by means of an abrasive wheel 0.02 in. (0.5mm) in thickness. The layout
30、 for the grooves allows all of thecold-junction ends of the wires to extend from one end of the3Test Method E220 specifies thermocouple calibration procedures for thermo-couples.AInlet airBExhaust airCTransite boardDGroup 16 IFBEGroup 28 IFBFGroup 28 grindingsGCalorimeter assemblyHCopper tubing, nom
31、inal38-in. (10-mm) diameterICenter calorimeterFIG. 1 Furnace ModificationC417 05 (2015)2brick. Cut a groove in the center of each 9 by 412-in. (228 by114-mm) face along the 412-in. (114-mm) dimension, andending 1 in. (25 mm) from the edge of the specimen. Beforecementing the thermocouple wires in pl
32、ace take measurementsto obtain within 60.01 in. (60.3 mm) the eventual distancebetween the center lines of the thermocouple junctions. Do thisby measuring the 212-in. (64-mm) dimension of the brick at thelocation for the hot junctions and deducting the distancebetween the center line of each junctio
33、n in its embeddedposition and the surface of the brick.7. Set-Up of Specimen and Silicon Carbide Slab7.1 Specimen Set-up:7.1.1 For castable specimens prepared in accordance with5.1.1, use the following set-up procedure. Place two strips ofrefractory fiber paper 18 by12 by 0.02 in. (456 by 13 by0.5 m
34、m) along the 18-in. dimension on the outer guard. Thesestrips, used to prevent contact between the test material and thecalorimeter assembly, also provide a passage for the flow of air.Push in a copper tube installed at each end of the furnace andposition where their open ends are flush with the ins
35、ide edge ofthe outer guard assembly. Pack the openings in the furnacewalls where the tubes enter with ceramic fiber. Place the testspecimen centrally over the center of the calorimeter and outerguard assembly on its 18 by 1312-in. (456 by 342-mm) face.Fill the small space between the furnace walls a
36、nd the testspecimen with granular insulating firebrick or ceramic fiber(Fig. 2).7.1.2 For castable specimens prepared in accordance with5.1.2 and plastic refractory samples prepared in accordancewith 5.2, use the following set-up procedure. Place two stripsof refractory fiber paper 1312 by12 by 0.02
37、 in. (342 by 13 by0.5 mm) along the 1312-in. dimension of the inner guard at theoutside edges. Place twelve strips of refractory fiber paper 2 by12 by 0.02 in. (51 by 13 by 0.5 mm) on the outer guard atintervals where the soap-brick ends are placed. (See Fig. 1 ofTest Method C182.) These strips serv
38、e as spacers to preventcontact between the test material and the calorimeter assembly,AInlet airBExhaust airCTransite boardDGroup 16 IFBEGroup 28 IFBFGroup 28 grindingsGCalorimeter assemblyHCopper tubing, nominal38-in. (10-mm) diameterIMonolithic panel, 18 by 1312 by 212 in. (456 by 342 by 64 mm)JRe
39、fractory fiber paperKSilicon carbide plate, 1358 by9by34 in. (346 by 228 by 19 mm)LCenter calorimeterFIG. 2 Monolithic Panel SpecimenC417 05 (2015)3and provide for passage of air. Push in the copper tubesinstalled at each end of the furnace and position where theiropen ends are flush with the inside
40、 edge of the outer guardassembly. Pack the openings in the furnace walls where thetubes enter with ceramic fiber. Place the test specimen centrallyover the center of the calorimeter section on its 9 by 412-in.(228 by 114-mm) face, place the guard brick at the sides of thetest specimen so as to cover
41、 completely the calorimeter andinner guard area, and place the soap brick around the edge ofthe three bricks, so as to cover completely the calorimeterassembly. Fill the small space between the furnace walls andthe test brick assembly with a granulated insulating firebrick orceramic fiber (Fig. 3).7
42、.2 Silicon Carbide SlabPlace the silicon carbide slabcentrally over the test specimen, spacing it 1 in. (25 mm) abovethe specimen or specimen assembly by placing under eachcorner of the slab rectangular pieces of a high-aluminarefractory cut to measure38 in. (10 mm) square and 1in. long.8. Procedure
43、8.1 Place the heating chamber in position, start the waterflowing through the calorimeter assembly, and apply thecurrent to the heating unit. Maintain the rate of water flowthrough the calorimeter between 120 and 200 g/min anddetermine the flow by weighing the quantity of water collectedduring a mea
44、sured time period. The mass of water collectedshall be not less than 200 g and shall be weighed to an accuracyof 0.5 g. The rate of flow shall be constant within 1 % duringthe test period.8.2 Allow the furnace to reach a temperature of 500F(260C) as recorded by the control thermocouple, and soak for
45、at least 2 h. Introduce compressed air to the copper tubing andadjust the flow rate to provide 0.5 ft3/h (14.2 dm3/h). See Fig.1 and Fig. 2 for furnace modification detail and specimenmodification detail. This is determined with a flowmeterconnected to the exhaust vent. After the flow is adjusted,di
46、sconnect the flexible hose and allow the exhaust to escape toAInlet airBExhaust airCTransite boardDGroup 16 IFBEGroup 28 IFBFGroup 28 grindingsGCalorimeter assemblyHCopper tubing, nominal38-in. (10-mm) diameterISilicon carbide plate, 1358 by9by34 in. (346 by 228 by 19 mm)JTest brick, 9 by 412 by 212
47、 in. (228 by 114 by 64 mm)KRefractory fiber paperLCenter calorimeterFIG. 3 Straight SpecimenC417 05 (2015)4free air. After exhausting moisture for 10 h, shut off the airsupply and plug the outlet only with ceramic fiber. Maintainthis temperature until a condition of steady heat flow has beenreached.
48、 This will require 12 to 16 h. A steady heat flow shallbe that condition when the measured flow of heat into thecalorimeter varies less than 2 % over a 2-h period, duringwhich time the temperature difference between the calorimeterand the inner guard has not been more than 0.05F (0.03C),the hot face
49、 of the test specimen has not varied more than 5F(3C), and the temperature of the water entering the calorim-eter has not varied at a rate of more than 1F (0.5C)/h.8.3 After the steady state of heat flow has been reached,measure the temperatures in the test specimen, the rate of waterflow through the calorimeter, and the temperature rise of thewater flowing through the calorimeter. Take at least four sets ofreadings at approximately 30-min intervals during the 2-hholding perio
