1、Designation: C423 09aStandard Test Method forSound Absorption and Sound Absorption Coefficients bythe Reverberation Room Method1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C423; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisio
2、n, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test method cover
3、s the measurement of soundabsorption in a reverberation room by measuring decay rate.Procedures for measuring the absorption of a room, theabsorption of an object, such as an office screen, and the soundabsorption coefficients of a specimen of sound absorptivematerial, such as acoustical ceiling til
4、e, are described.1.2 Field MeasurementsAlthough this test method prima-rily covers laboratory measurements, the test method describedin 4.1 can be used for making field measurements of theabsorption of rooms (see also 5.5). A non-standard method tomeasure the absorption of rooms in the field is desc
5、ribed inAppendix X2.1.3 This test method includes information on laboratoryaccreditation (see Annex A1), asymmetrical screens (see An-nex A2), and reverberation room qualification (see Annex A3).1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are includ
6、ed in thisstandard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to
7、use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C634 Terminology Relating to Building and EnvironmentalAcousticsE795 Practices for Mounting Test Specimens During SoundAbsorption Tests2.2 ANSI Standards:S1.6 Preferred Frequencies, Frequency Levels, and BandNumbers for Acoustical Measurements3S1.11 Spe
8、cification for Octave-Band and Fractional-Octave-Band Analog and Digital Filters3S1.26 Method for the Calculation of the Absorption ofSound by the Atmosphere3S1.43 Specifications for Integrating-Averaging Sound LevelMeters32.3 IEC StandardsIEC 61672 ElectroacousticsSound Level MetersPart 1:Specifica
9、tions32.4 ASTM Adjuncts:Historical Applications Note on Sound Absorber43. Terminology3.1 Except as noted in 3.3, the terms and symbols used inthis test method are defined in Terminology C634. The follow-ing definition is not currently included in Terminology C634:3.1.1 sound absorption average, SAAa
10、 single numberrating, the average, rounded off to the nearest 0.01, of thesound absorption coefficients of a material for the twelveone-third octave bands from 200 through 2500 Hz, inclusive,measured according to this test method.3.1.1.1 DiscussionThe sound absorption coefficients shallbe rounded of
11、f to the nearest 0.01 before averaging. If theunrounded average is an exact midpoint, round to the nexthigher multiple of 0.01. For example, report 0.625 as 0.63.3.2 In previous versions of this test method a single numberrating, called the noise reduction coefficient (NRC), wasdefined as follows:9R
12、ound the average of the sound absorption coefficientsfor 250, 500, 1000, and 2000 Hz to the nearest multipleof 0.05. If the unrounded average is an exact midpoint,round to the next higher multiple of 0.05. For example,0.625 and 0.675 would be reported as 0.65 and 0.70, respectively.9The noise reduct
13、ion coefficient shall be reported in order toprovide comparison with values reported in the past (see12.1.3).1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E33 on Buildingand Environmental Acoustics and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeE33.01 on Sound Absorption.Current edit
14、ion approved Oct. 15, 2009. Published October 2009. Originallyapproved in 1958. Last previous edition approved 2009 as C423 09. DOI:10.1520/C0423-09.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStanda
15、rds volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.4A drawing of this specimen is available at a nominal charge from ASTMInternational H
16、eadquarters. Order Adjunct No. ADJC0423.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.3 Definition of Term Specific to This StandardThefollowing term has the meaning noted for this test method only:3.3.1 output interval, Dt, T, s
17、of a real-time analyzer, thetime between successive outputs; this time is not necessarilythe same as the integration time.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Measurement of the Sound Absorption of a Room:4.1.1 A band of random noise is used as a test signal andturned on long enough (about the time for 20 d
18、B decay in thetest band with the smallest decay rate) for the sound pressurelevel to reach a steady state. When the signal is turned off, thesound pressure level will decrease and the decay rate in eachfrequency band may be determined by measuring the slope ofa straight line fitted to the sound pres
19、sure level of the averagedecay curve. The absorption of the room and its contents iscalculated, based on the assumptions that the incident soundfield is diffuse before and during decay and that no additionalenergy enters the room during decay, from the Sabine formula:A 5 0.9210Vdc(1)where:A = sound
20、absorption, m2,V = volume of reverberation room, m3,c = speed of sound (calculated according to 11.13), m/sandd = decay rate, dB/s,NOTE 1Previous editions of this test method, which included mixedunits, included the in./lbs unit of sound absorption, the sabin (Sab). Thenumber of sabins is the value
21、of A that would be derived from Eq 1 withthe volume in ft3and the speed of sound in ft/s. This unit finds frequentuse in older literature. One Sab of sound absorption is approximatelyequal to 0.0929 m2of sound absorption.These conditions must be fulfilled if the measurement is tohave meaning. The so
22、und absorption calculated according toEq 1 is sometimes called the Sabine absorption.4.1.2 In general, sound absorption is a function of frequencyand measurements are made in a series of frequency bands.4.2 Measurement of a Sound Absorption CoeffcientTheabsorption of the reverberation room is measur
23、ed as outlined in4.1 both before and after placing a specimen of material to betested in the room. The increase in absorption divided by thearea of the test specimen is the dimensionless sound absorptioncoefficient. I4.3 Measurement of the Sound Absorption of an Object Suchas an Offce Screen, a Thea
24、ter Chair, or a Space AbsorberThe absorption of the reverberation room is measured asoutlined in 4.1 both before and after placing one or severalidentical objects in the room. The increase in absorptiondivided by the number of objects is the absorption in squaremeters per object.5. Significance and
25、Use5.1 Measurement of the sound absorption of a room is partof the procedure for other acoustical measurements, such asdetermining the sound power level of a noise source or thesound transmission loss of a partition. It is also used in certaincalculations such as predicting the sound pressure level
26、in aroom when the sound power level of a noise source in the roomis known.5.2 The sound absorption coefficient of a surface is aproperty of the material composing the surface. It is ideallydefined as the fraction of the randomly incident sound powerabsorbed by the surface, but in this test method it
27、 is operation-ally defined in 4.2. The relationship between the theoreticallydefined and the operationally measured coefficients is undercontinuing study.5.3 Diffraction effects5usually cause the apparent area of aspecimen to be greater than its geometrical area, therebyincreasing the coefficients m
28、easured according to this testmethod. When the test specimen is highly absorptive, thesevalues may exceed unity.5.4 The coefficients measured by this test method should beused with caution because not only are the areas encountered inpractical usage usually larger than the test specimen, but alsothe
29、 sound field is rarely diffuse. In the laboratory, measure-ments must be made under reproducible conditions, but inpractical usage the conditions that determine the effectiveabsorption are often unpredictable. Regardless of the differ-ences and the necessity for judgment, coefficients measured bythi
30、s test method have been used successfully by architects andconsultants in the acoustical design of architectural spaces.5.5 Field MeasurementsWhen sound absorption measure-ments are made in a building in which the size and shape of theroom are not under the operators control, the approximation toa d
31、iffuse sound field is not likely to be very close. This mattershould be considered when assessing the accuracy of measure-ments made under field conditions. (See Appendix X2 for aprocedure that can be used in the field with less sophisticatedinstrumentation.)6. Interferences6.1 Changes in temperatur
32、e and relative humidity during thecourse of a measurement may have a large effect on the decayrate, especially at high frequencies and at low relative humidi-ties. The effects are described quantitatively in ANSI S1.26.These effects of temperature and relative humidity changesshall be minimized as f
33、ollows:6.1.1 During all measurements of decay rate The averagetemperature shall be no less than 10 C; Deviations from theaverage temperature shall not exceed 5 C. The averagerelative humidity in the room shall be no less than 40%.Deviations from the average relative humidity shall not exceed6 5% in
34、the measured relative humidity value.6.1.2 All decay rates in the 1000 Hz one-third octave bandand above shall be adjusted by subtracting the decay rate dueto air absorption from the decay rate calculated according to11.4. For these calculations, assume the values calculated for5Chrisler, V., “Depen
35、dence of SoundAbsorption Upon theArea and Distributionof the Absorbent Material,” Journal of Research, National Bureau of Standards, Vol13, 1934, p. 169: Northwood, T. D., Grisaru, M. T., and Medcof, M.A., “Absorptionof Sound by a Strip ofAbsorptive Material in a Diffuse Sound Field,” Journal of the
36、Acoustical Society of America, Vol 31, 1959, p. 595: and Northwood, T. D.,“Absorption of Diffuse Sound by a Strip or Rectangular Patch of AbsorptiveMaterial,” Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol 35, 1963, p. 1173.C423 09a2the mid-band frequency apply to the complete one-third-octaveban
37、d. The air absorption shall be calculated according to ANSIS1.26 using its standard air absorption values at the centerfrequency of each one third octave band, respectively. Use Eq2 below:dair5 mc (2)where:dair= decay rate due to sound absorption by the air, dB/s,m = attenuation coefficient, dB/m, t
38、aken from ANSIS1.26, as described in 6.1.2.1, andc = speed of sound, m/s, calculated according to 11.13.6.1.2.1 The attenuation coefficients m shall be derived fromthe equations and calculation procedures of 5.1-5.3 and AnnexB of ANSI S1.26. Table 1 of ANSI S1.26 shall not be used.7. Reverberation R
39、oom7.1 DescriptionA reverberation room is a room designedso that the reverberant sound field closely approximates adiffuse sound field both in the steady state, when the soundsource is on, and during decay, after the sound source hasstopped.7.2 Construction:7.2.1 The room is best constructed of mass
40、ive masonry orconcrete materials, but other materials, such as well-dampedsteel, may be used. Lighter construction may be excessivelyabsorptive, especially at frequencies below 200 Hz.7.2.2 The average absorption coefficient of the room sur-faces at each frequency, determined by dividing the absorpt
41、ionof the empty room (measured according to Sections 10 and 11)by the area of the room surfaces, including both sides of thediffusers (see 7.4), shall be less than or equal to 0.05 for theone-third octave bands centered at 250 through 2500 Hz, afterallowance has been made for atmospheric absorption
42、accordingto ANSI S1.26. For the bands centered below 250 Hz, andabove 2500 Hz, the similarly determined coefficient shall beless than or equal to 0.10.7.2.3 The room shall be isolated sufficiently to keep outsidenoises and structural vibrations from interfering with themeasurements.7.3 Size and Shap
43、eThe volume of the room shall be noless than 125 m3. It is recommended that the volume be 200 m3or greater. No two room dimensions shall be equal nor shall theratio of the largest to the smallest dimension be greater than2:1. (See 11.12 on calculating room volume.)7.4 Sound Diffusion:7.4.1 Means sha
44、ll be taken to ensure an approximation to adiffuse sound field both before and during decay. Experiencehas shown that a satisfactory approximation can be achievedwith a number of sound-reflective panels hung or distributedwith random orientations about the volume of the room. It isstrongly recommend
45、ed that some of these panels be mountedon a rotating shaft or otherwise kept moving, presenting, ineffect, a room that continually changes its shape.7.4.2 The goal is to achieve a rapid and continuous inter-change of energy between the directions of sound propagation,thereby increasing the probabili
46、ty that each surface area of theroom is exposed to sound of the same intensity.7.4.3 Laboratories are strongly encouraged to follow theprocedures in Appendix X1 to determine the necessary area ofdiffusing panels to maximize the measured absorption coeffi-cients. If these procedures are followed, the
47、 data collected shallbe preserved and made available on request. If the proceduresin Appendix X1 are not followed, the surface area of thediffusing elements in the room (both faces) shall be at least25 % of the surface area of the reverberation room. (See NoteX1.1.)7.4.4 The reverberation room shall
48、 be qualified according toAnnex A3.7.5 Background NoiseThe level of the background noisein each measurement band, which includes both the ambientacoustical noise in the reverberation room and the electricalnoise in the measuring instruments, shall be at least 15 dBbelow the lowest level used to calc
49、ulate decay rate (see 11.3).8. Instrumentation8.1 Sound SourceThe sound source shall be one or moreloudspeaker systems in a configuration such that the testfacility satisfies the qualifications of Annex A3. With adequatediffusion, loudspeakers facing into the trihedral corners of theroom will satisfy these requirements. The sound pressure levelproduced when the source is on and the sound in the rever-beration room is in the steady state shall be at least 45 dBabove the background noise in each measurement band.NOTE 2The value of 45 dB is the minimum value
