1、Designation: C 429 01 (Reapproved 2006)Standard Test Method forSieve Analysis of Raw Materials for Glass Manufacture1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 429; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the yea
2、r of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the sieve analysis of commonraw materials for glass manufacture, such as sand, soda-ash,
3、limestone, alkali-alumina silicates, and other granular materialsused in glass batch.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated wit
4、h its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C92 Test Methods for Sieve Analysis and Water Content ofRefractory
5、MaterialsC 325 Test Method for Wet Sieve Analysis of CeramicWhiteware ClaysC 371 Test Method for Wire-Cloth Sieve Analysis of Non-plastic Ceramic PowdersD 346 Practice for Collection and Preparation of CokeSamples for Laboratory AnalysisE11 Specification for Wire Cloth and Sieves for TestingPurposes
6、E 105 Practice for Probability Sampling Of MaterialsE 122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,With a Specified Tolerable Error, the Average for aCharacteristic of a Lot or Process3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 unit for samplinga carload lot or tru
7、ckload lot ofbulk material, or the entire shipment of bagged material.3.1.2 sublota fraction of a shipment of bagged material,such as110 or120 of the lot.3.1.3 gross samplethe total number of sample incrementstaken from the lot.3.1.4 sample incrementan individual portion of the grosssample taken fro
8、m the lot at a definite time or location, or both;increments shall be of nearly equal weight or volume, or both.3.1.4.1 DiscussionA 2.2 to 4.5-kg (5 to 10-lb) incrementgenerally is satisfactory in sampling raw materials for glassmanufacture, for determining particle size distribution.3.1.5 laborator
9、y samplea 0.9 to 1.8-kg (2 to 4-lb) repre-sentative fraction of the gross sample.3.1.6 test specimena 100 to 150-g representative fractionof the laboratory sample.4. Significance and Use4.1 The purpose of this test method is to determine theparticle size distribution of the glass raw materials.5. Ap
10、paratus5.1 Testing Sieves:5.1.1 Sieves shall conform to Specification E11with par-ticular reference to Table 1 and Section 4 on Frames. Sievesshall be designated by the U. S. Standard Series of sievenumbers and shall vary in opening size by the ratio of the=2:1, in accordance with frames 1 in. (25 m
11、m) deep (halfheight) are recommended for mechanical shaking. The follow-ing sieves shall be provided:Sieve Designation Sieve DesignationNo. 8 (2.36-mm) No. 50 (300-m)No. 12 (1.70-mm) No. 70 (212-m)No. 16 (1.18-mm) No. 100 (150-m)No. 20 (850-m) No. 140 (106-m)No. 30 (600-m) No. 200 (75-m)No. 40 (425-
12、m)5.1.2 Standard Matched SievesAreference set of standardmatched sieves shall be provided for use in checking the set ofsieves used in the actual sieve analysis of samples. The sievesfor use in sieve analysis of samples may also be standardmatched sieves or may be unmatched sieves conforming to1This
13、 test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C14 on Glassand Glass Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C14.02 onChemical Properties and Analysis.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2006. Published January 2007. Originallyapproved in 1959. Last previous edition approved
14、 in 2001 as C 429 01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr
15、Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5.1.1, provided that such sieves will give results that differ bynot more than 5 % from those obtained with the reference setwhen the two sets are compared in accordance with Section 6.5.2 Sieve ShakerA mechanically operated
16、sieve shakerthat imparts to the set of sieves a rotary motion and tappingaction of uniform speed shall be provided. The number of tapsper minute shall be between 140 and 150. The sieve shakershall be fitted with a wooden plug or rubber stopper to receivethe impact of the tapper. Other types of mecha
17、nical shakersmay be used, provided they can be adjusted to duplicate within5 % results obtained by the type specified above, when testedwith the same sample and standard matched sieves. The shakershall be equipped with an automatic timer accurate to12 min.5.3 Sample Splitters:5.3.1 For the reduction
18、 of the gross sample to laboratorysize, either a large riffle with 25-mm (1-in.) openings or asample splitter of the type that cuts out a fractional part (forexample, a twelfth or a sixteenth) of the gross sample may beused. Sample splitters are available commercially or may beconstructed by the use
19、r. The criterion for their use is that theyshall produce a representative sample.5.3.2 Riffles with openings of 6.4 to 13 mm (14 to12 in.) arerequired for reducing the laboratory sample to test size. Theriffle opening must be at least three times the width of thelargest particle diameter. This restr
20、icts use of a riffle with6.4-mm openings to materials passing a No. 8 sieve.5.4 BalanceA suitable balance or scale capable of weigh-ing accurately to 0.1 g shall be used. A more sensitive balancemay be used for weighing small fractions when they areconsidered critical.6. Testing of Sieves and Sample
21、 Splitters6.1 Since standard matched sieves are specified for thepurpose of this test method, calibration as such by the tester isobviated. However, the tester must have a method to check theprecision of the sieves. This shall be accomplished by havingavailable at least two sets of sieves: a referen
22、ce set and aworking set. The reference set shall consist of standardmatched sieves and shall be reserved for testing the workingset. The working set also may consist of standard matchedsieves or of sieves the tester has proven to be satisfactory (see6.2). The testing of the working sieves is necessa
23、ry becausesieves will gradually change their characteristics after longusage from clogging and wear. The working set should betested after every 100 to 150 sieve analyses. The test shall bemade by sieving a suitable test sample through the working setas directed in Section 10, and then sieving the s
24、ame test samplethrough the reference set. The results shall be calculated andcompared.All testing sieves of the working set that give resultswithin 10 % of the reference set shall be considered satisfac-tory for use. (See Appendix X1 for an example of this test.)6.2 A new unmatched sieve can be used
25、 if it is proven bytesting that it will produce results within 5 % of a standardmatched sieve. To test an unmatched sieve, it should besubstituted for the equivalent sieve in a standard matched setand a sieve analysis made with a sample previously sieved withthe complete matched set. If agreement is
26、 satisfactory, the newunmatched sieve can be used as a working sieve.6.3 A sample splitter for reducing a gross sample should betested for reproducibility before it can be considered reliable.Aminimum test shall be to take three gross samples of materials,weighing 45 kg (100 lb) or more, with differ
27、ent particle sizedistribution, and obtain four laboratory-size samples of each byrepeated splitting. The laboratory samples shall be riffled to testsize and sieved. The same set of sieves shall be used for alltests. Duplication of results within each group should be 5 % orbetter.7. Care and Cleaning
28、 of Testing Sieves7.1 Testing sieves must be properly cared for if reproducibleand reliable results are to be obtained from them. The life of asieve is materially lengthened by proper care and carefulhandling. It is inevitable that some particles will becomefastened in the sieve cloth, but excessive
29、 clogging can becontrolled by brushing the underside of the wire cloth with astiff bristle or bronze wire brush every time the sieve is used intesting.Anylon bristle paint brush 51 mm (2 in.) in width, withthe bristles cut back to about 25 mm (1 in.) long, is recom-mended for brushing, although any
30、short-bristle brush that willnot stick in the wire cloth is satisfactory. A bronze wire brushshould be used only for sieves No. 60 and coarser. Brushingshall be firm enough to remove the majority of cloggingparticles but not so vigorous as to distort the sieve cloth. Sievesshall be washed periodical
31、ly with a mild detergent or soap,brushing on the underside of the cloth. They should be washedimmediately after sieving hygroscopic materials, such as alkalicarbonates, and dried before storing. They may be dried in adrying oven at 105 to 110C. A properly cared for sieve will beclean and free of pat
32、ina. It will have a minimum of cloggedopenings. The wire cloth will be taut in the frame and free ofdistortion. The solder joint will be firm. A loosened joint on anotherwise satisfactory sieve may be repaired by carefullyresoldering with resin-core solder. Additional cleaning meth-ods are contained
33、 in ASTM STP 447B.38. Sampling8.1 General ConsiderationsFollow the principles of prob-ability sampling as given in Practice E 105. To estimate thesize (mass and number of increments) of the gross sample,follow Practice E 122. The methods used for other necessarystatistical calculations are given in
34、ASTM STP 15D.48.2 Sampling PlanThe sampling plan shall be such thatthe sample obtained will represent as nearly as practicable theaverage particle size distribution of the lot. Sampling bulkmaterial and bagged material will each present a differentproblem.8.2.1 Some segregation or nonuniformity will
35、 always existin a bulk lot of material. At rest, this nonuniformity can andprobably will be multidirectional, with some layers of segre-gation in the lot that are nearly perpendicular to each other. Theexact degree is never completely known. To obtain a represen-tative cross section of the lot is di
36、fficult, if not impossible. In3ASTM STP 447B, Manual on Test Sieving Methods, ASTM, 1985.4ASTM STP 15D, Manual on Presentation of Data and Control Chart Analysis,ASTM, 1986.C 429 01 (2006)2motion, however, some mixing occurs, and segregation willtend to become unidirectional with layers of segregati
37、ongenerally parallel to the direction of flow. Therefore, a sampleincrement taken by uniformly cutting across the flowing streamis generally much more nearly representative than an incrementtaken with the material at rest. An entire lot should be sampledby taking a number of increments spaced at nea
38、rly equalintervals during the whole time of loading or unloading of thecar or truck. To take frequent cuts (sample increments) of all ofthe stream part of the time reduces the danger of a biasedsample.5Furthermore, when sampling a moving stream, therequirement for randomness is more nearly met at th
39、e time andplace of sampling since the chance of taking one grain insteadof another is about equal. The total number of incrementsrequired for a desired precision can be estimated statistically asin Practice E 122. Some simple device is required to sample thestream. This may consist of a box-type cut
40、ter for sampling thestream discharging from the end of a belt or spout, or a scoopfor sampling the stream being transported on the belt. (SeeAppendix X2 for illustrations of simple stream samplers.) Forthe purpose of this test method, a sampling plan that providesfor sampling the moving stream is re
41、commended. The sam-pling of a car or truckload lot of material at rest, by shovel,scoop and cylinder, or thief is not recommended.8.2.2 In sampling bagged material, an added problem ispresentedthat of choosing which bags of the lot will be takenfor sampling and how the bags taken are to be sampled.
42、Asuitable plan for taking bags for sampling would be to dividethe lot into sublots and then to take at random one bag fromeach sublot. This would afford a simple cross section of the lotand a random selection in each sublot. The number of sublotsin which to divide the lot should be calculated using
43、the sameconsiderations as for estimating the number of increments to betaken when sampling bulk material. The consideration ofsegregation within bags must not be overlooked. If a suitablesample splitter is available, the entire contents of the bag canbe taken and segregation ignored. However, if the
44、 bag issampled with a thief, or by some other method, it must be madecertain that any segregation is taken into account. A bag ofgranular material, particularly after shipping, can show visibleevidence of segregation. If stratification or segregation hasoccurred, care must be taken to sample so as n
45、ot to obtain abiased or “weighted” sample. The samples obtained from thebags are mixed to constitute the gross sample.8.3 Gross Sample RequirementBecause of the many waysof handling materials and, in many cases, the limitations soimposed on sampling, and because of the several kinds ofmaterials used
46、 for glass making, a single sampling plan is notprescribed. Only certain minimum considerations are presentedand recommendations made. However, for the purpose of thistest method, any plan devised or used shall produceor asnear thereto as it is practicable to obtaina gross sample thathas a 99.7 % pr
47、obability that the minimum precision of theestimate will be 10 % relative for the critical particle sizefraction (Note 1). (See Appendix X3 for calculation anddiscussion of this requirement.)NOTE 1A critical particle size fraction is considered to be one uponwhich a specification for purchase or use
48、 is based.9. Reduction of the Sample for Analysis9.1 The gross sample obtained by combining all of theincrements shall be reduced to laboratory sample size of 0.9 to1.8 kg (2 to 4 lb) by use of a large riffle with 25-mm (1-in.)openings or by a sample splitter. If the material is too moist toflow fre
49、ely in a small riffle, it shall be dried before furtherhandling (9.1.2). The laboratory sample shall be reduced to testspecimen size, using a riffle with 6.4 to 13-mm (14 to12-in.)openings. It shall be divided until the fractional portion weighsapproximately 100 to 150 g. This whole fraction constitutes thetest specimen. An exception to the above weight for the testspecimen is burned dolomite. Because of its light density, thedolomite shall be riffled to a test size weighing 50 to 75 g. Thetest specimen shall be weighed to the nearest 0.1 g beforesiev
