1、Designation: C459/C459M 97 (Reapproved 2011)1Standard Test Methods forAsbestos-Cement Flat Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C459/C459M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last re
2、vision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1NOTEUnits information was editorially corrected in Janu
3、ary 2012.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover only asbestos-cement flatsheets, roofing shingles, siding shingles, and clapboards.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; theref
4、ore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.3 WarningBreathing of asbestos dust is hazardous.Asbestos and asbestos products present demonstrated healthrisks for users and for those with whom they come
5、 into contact.In addition to other precautions, when working with asbestos-cement products, minimize the dust that results. For informa-tion on the safe use of chrysoltile asbestos, refer to “Safe Useof Chrysotile Asbestos: A Manual on Preventive and ControlMeasures.”21.4 This standard does not purp
6、ort to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specificsafety hazard, see 1.3.2. Refer
7、enced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test Methods3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 deflectionthe linear distance that a test specimenbends at the center from no load to maximum breaking loadwhen loaded as a beam with the load applied equal
8、ly andsimultaneously at both one-third points of the span.3.1.2 flexural strengththe average breaking load in new-tons (or lbf) of dried specimens loaded as simple beams on aspan of 254 mm 10 in. with the load applied equally andsimultaneously at both one-third points of the span.4. Sampling4.1 From
9、 each shipment or fraction thereof representing aproduct of the same kind, a number of sheets or units shall beselected at random. Table 1 and Table 2 show the number ofsheets or units to be selected from shipments of various sizes.5. Preparation of Test Specimens5.1 Flat SheetsCut a pair of specime
10、ns, each 6 6116 in.152 6 1.6 mm in width and 12 6116 in. 305 6 1.6 mm inlength, from the interior area of each sample sheet in such amanner that no edge of a specimen is less than 3 in. 76 mmfrom the original edges of the sheet. The longer dimension ofone of the specimens of each pair shall be paral
11、lel to the lengthof the sheet (that is, parallel with the fiber lay), and that of theother shall be at right angles to it. (WarningSee 1.3.)5.2 Roofing Shingles, Siding Shingles, and ClapboardsCut a single specimen 6 6116 in. 152 6 1.6 mm in width and1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of
12、 ASTM Committee C17 onFiber-Reinforced Cement Products and are the direct responsibility of Subcommit-tee C17.03 on Asbestos - Cement Sheet Products and Accessories.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2011. Published January 2012. Originallyapproved in 1960. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as C4
13、59 97 (2006).DOI: 10.1520/C0459_C0459M-97R11E01.2Available from The Asbestos Institute, http:/ referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Sum
14、mary page onthe ASTM website.TABLE 2 Sampling Plan for Roofing Shingles, Siding Shingles,and ClapboardsNumber of Unitsin ShipmentNumber of Unitsto Be Selectedas SamplesA8 000 and under 108 001 to 64 000 2064 001 to 216 000 30216 001 to 512 000 40512 001 to 1 000 000 50AAdditional units may be taken
15、at the discretion of the inspector.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.12 6116 in. 305 6 1.6 mm in length from each unit. Cut onehalf of the specimens in such a manner that the 12-in.304.8-mm dimension of each specimen is
16、 parallel to one edgeof the shingle or clapboard unit; cut one half of the specimensat a right angle thereto. Where the shingle or clapboard unitshave one dimension less than 12 in., cut all specimens with the12-in. dimension of each specimen parallel to the long dimen-sion of the shingle or clapboa
17、rd unit.5.3 Do not test cracked or otherwise damaged specimens,but obtain substitute specimens.6. Flexural Strength and Deflection Tests6.1 Significance and Use:6.1.1 Flexural StrengthThis is a routine test. The valuesrecorded are applicable only to the product being tested. Thebreaking loads specif
18、ied should be maintained or exceeded toensure successful use.6.1.2 DeflectionThis is not commonly a routine test, but isa reference or referee test. The values recorded are not relative,but are applicable only to the product being tested. The greaterthe deflection, provided the flexural strength is
19、satisfactory, thelower the breakage hazard will be in use. The limits chosen inthe material specifications are arbitrary, and are based uponexperience.6.2 Procedure:6.2.1 Dry each specimen to constant weight in a ventilatedoven at a temperature of 100 to 105C 212 to 220F, and coolto room temperature
20、 in a desiccator or desiccator-type cabinet.Record the dry weight of each cooled specimen. Determine theflexural strength of each specimen by placing the specimen onsupports that cannot exert longitudinal constraint rocker-typebearing edges or rollers witha3mm18-in. minimum and 13mm 12-in. maximum r
21、adius and applying the load equallyand simultaneously at both one-third points of the span throughsimilar edges, bearing against the finished surface of thespecimen. The test span shall be 254 6 1.6 mm 10 6116 in.,and the load lines and ups shall be parallel. Mount a dialmicrometer reading to 0.25 m
22、m 0.01 in., or an equallysensitive apparatus, to bear on the specimen at midspan, todetermine the deflection of the specimen at the center of thetest span. Increase the load applied at a uniform rate such aswill result in failure of the specimen in approximately 1 min.The error in the load reading s
23、hall not exceed 2.2 N 0.5 lbf forloads up to 200 N 50 lbf; for greater loads, the error shall notexceed 1 % of the maximum load.6.3 Calculation and ReportReport flexural strength anddeflection as required by the appropriate specification.6.4 Precision and Bias:6.4.1 Flexural Strength:6.4.1.1 Precisi
24、onThe single-apparatus multi-operator pre-cision is 66.1 % (two sigma limits) as defined in Practice E177over the range from 150 to 702 N.6.4.1.2 BiasResults averaged 9 % lower than those ob-tained with mid-span loading methods.6.4.2 Deflection:6.4.2.1 PrecisionThe single-apparatus multi-operator pr
25、e-cision is 67.3 % (two sigma limits) as defined in Practice E177over the range from 2 to 8 mm.6.4.2.2 BiasResults averaged 3.9 % lower than thoseobtained by mid-span loading methods.7. Water Absorption Test7.1 Significance and Use:7.1.1 This is a routine test. The values are relative. The testis ma
26、de to determine uniformity of the product. The materialspecification values are arbitrarily chosen to describe theproduct. While there may be a relationship between waterabsorption and the ability of the product to resist deteriorationresulting from freezing and thawing, the material specificationva
27、lues have not been based upon such data.7.2 Water Absorption Determination:7.2.1 Submerge the specimens that have been used in theflexural strength test for 24 612 h in clean water at 60 to 80F15.5 to 26.5C.7.2.2 Remove each specimen from the water, wipe with adamp cloth, and weigh separately on a s
28、cale accurate to 0.5 %.7.2.3 Report the water absorption as the average value forall specimens tested. Calculate the water absorption value foreach specimen as follows:Water absorption, weight % 5 Ws2 Wd!/Wd# 3 100 (1)where:Ws= saturated weight of specimen, andWd= dry weight of specimen.7.3 Precisio
29、n and Bias:7.3.1 PrecisionThe multi-apparatus multi-operator preci-sion is 64.9 % (two sigma limits) as defined in Practice E177over the range from 11 to 36 % moisture.7.3.2 BiasNo significant bias is observed when averageresults are compared with those of another test method usingArchimedes princip
30、le.8. Dimensional Measurements8.1 Significance and Use:8.1.1 These are routine measurements for determiningwhether the length and width of the individual units are asordered, to ensure that they fit together properly in application,and to determine the uniformity of the specified thickness. Indeterm
31、ining the thickness of siding shingles, many of whichhave a textured or granuled surface, a metal plate is placedadjacent to the textured surface, and the micrometer readingsare taken on the combined thickness of the shingle and themetal plate. The purpose is to obtain a more accurate overallthickne
32、ss measurement of the textured or granuled shingle.This would be rather difficult to do, in many cases, because ofsurface irregularities were the plate not used.TABLE 1 Sampling Plan for Flat SheetsNumber of Sheetsin ShipmentNumber of Sheetsto Be Selectedas SamplesA500 and under 3501 to 1000 51001 t
33、o 1728 61729 to 2744 72745 to 4096 84097 to 5832 95833 to 8000 10AAdditional sheets may be taken at the discretion of the inspector.C459/C459M 97 (2011)128.2 Procedure for Thickness Measurements:8.2.1 Flat SheetsMeasure each test specimen for thick-ness, using a micrometer caliper having flat anvils
34、 approxi-mately14 in. 6.3 mm in diameter and reading to 0.001 in.0.0254 mm. Make four measurements on each specimen atthe approximate mid-point of each edge of the specimen, andat least12 in. 13 mm in from the edge.8.2.2 Roofing Shingles, Siding Shingles, and ClapboardsMeasure the thickness of each
35、test specimen by placing asmooth metal plate of uniform thickness with dimensionsapproximately164 by 4 by 4 in. 0.4 by 102 by 102 mm,against the finished, textured, or weather-exposed surface ofthe specimen. Using a micrometer caliper reading to 0.001 in.0.025 mm, measure the overall thickness of th
36、e metal plateand specimen at the approximate mid-point of each edge of thespecimen and at least12 in. 12.7 mm from the edge of thespecimen.8.3 Calculation and Report:8.3.1 Flat SheetsAverage the four measurements andrecord as the specimen thickness.8.3.2 Roofing Shingles, Siding Shingles, and Clapbo
37、ardsSubtract the measured thickness of the metal plate from eachmeasurement and average four measurements to give thespecimen thickness.8.4 Precision and Bias:8.4.1 PrecisionThe multi-apparatus multi-operator preci-sion is 62.2 % (two sigma limits) as defined in Practice E177over the range from 3.9
38、to 11.1 mm.8.4.2 BiasNo significant bias is observed when comparedagainst other procedures that make use of metal plates to seatthe micrometer anvils.9. Keywords9.1 asbestos; asbestos-cement; clapboards; flat sheets;sheeting; shingles; siding; siding shinglesASTM International takes no position resp
39、ecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This s
40、tandard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM Interna
41、tional Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown bel
42、ow.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).C459/C459M 97 (2011)13
