1、Designation: C 497M 05METRICStandard Test Methods forConcrete Pipe, Manhole Sections, or Tile Metric1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 497M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revis
2、ion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover testing of concrete p
3、ipe,manhole sections, and tile. The test methods described are usedin production testing and acceptance testing to evaluate theproperties provided for in the specifications.1.2 The test methods appear in the following order:SectionExternal Load Crushing Strength 4Flat Slab Top 5Core Strength 6Absorp
4、tion 7Hydrostatic 8Permeability 9Manhole Step 10Cylinder 11Gasket Lubricant 12Joint Shear 13Alkalinity 14Gasket Measurements 151.3 The test specimens shall not have been exposed to atemperature below 4C for the 24 h immediately preceding thetest.1.4 If any test specimen fails because of mechanical r
5、easonssuch as failure of testing equipment or improper specimenpreparation, it shall be discarded and another specimen taken.1.5 Specimens shall be selected in accordance with thespecifications for the type of pipe or tile being tested.1.6 These methods are the metric companion of Test Meth-ods C 49
6、7.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to consult andestablish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.
7、Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 31/C 31M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete TestSpecimens in the FieldC 39/C 39M Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cy-lindrical Concrete SpecimensC 42/C 42M Test Method for Obtaining and Testing DrilledCores and Sawed Beams of ConcreteC 617 Practi
8、ce for Capping Cylindrical Concrete Speci-mensC 670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statementsfor Test Methods for Construction MaterialsC 822 Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe and RelatedProductsC 1231/C 1231M Practice for Use of Unbonded Caps inDetermination of Compressive Strength o
9、f Hardened Con-crete CylindersD 2240 Test Method for Rubber PropertyDurometerHardnessE4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms relating to con-crete pipe, see Terminology C 822.4. External Load Crushing Strength Test by the Three-Edg
10、e Bearing Test Method4.1 Summary of Test MethodThe test specimen is tested ina machine designed to apply a crushing force upon thespecimen in a plane through the vertical axis extending alongthe length of the specimen.4.2 Significance and UseThe crushing test method shallbe either a quality control
11、test performed to establish that the1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 onConcrete Pipe and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C13.09 on Methodsof Test.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2005. Published October 2005. Originallyapproved in 1980. Last previous
12、 edition approved in 2004 as C 497M 04e1.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM Inte
13、rnational, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.finished, shippable pipe has sufficient strength to withstand thecrushing loads stated in the specifications or a proof of designtest performed to prove the adequacy of design.4.3 Apparatus:4.3.1 The testi
14、ng machine shall be of any type of sufficientcapacity and shall be capable of providing the rate of loadingprescribed in 4.5.3.4.3.2 The testing machine shall be substantial and rigidthroughout, so that the distribution of the load will not beaffected appreciably by the deformation or yielding of an
15、y part.4.3.3 The three-edge-bearing method of loading shall beused. The test specimen shall be supported on a lower bearingof two parallel longitudinal strips and the load applied throughan upper beam (Fig. 1, Fig. 2, Fig. 3, and Fig. 4). At the optionof the manufacturer, either or both the lower be
16、aring and theupper bearing shall extend the full length or any portion of thelength of the specimen.4.3.4 The lower bearings shall consist of wood or hardrubber strips. Wooden strips shall be straight, have a crosssection of not less than 50 mm in width and not less than 25mm nor more than 38 mm in
17、height and shall have the topinside corners rounded to a radius of 13 mm. Hard rubber stripsshall have a durometer hardness of not less than 45 nor morethan 60. They shall be rectangular in cross section, having awidth of not less than 50 mm, a thickness of not less than 25mm nor more than 38 mm, an
18、d shall have the top inside cornerrounded to a radius of 13 mm.4.3.5 The lower bearing strips shall be fastened to a woodenor steel beam or directly to a concrete base, any of which shallprovide sufficient rigidity so that the deflection is not greaterthan1720 of the specimen length when the maximum
19、 load isapplied. The rigid base shall be at least 150 mm wide. Theinterior vertical sides of the strips shall be parallel and spaceda distance apart of not more than 25 mm per 300 mm ofspecimen diameter, but in no case less than 25 mm. Thebearing faces of the lower strips shall not vary from a strai
20、ghtline vertically or horizontally by more than 2.5 mm/m of lengthunder no load.4.3.6 The upper bearing shall be a rigid wood beam with orwithout an attached hard rubber strip. The wood shall be sound,free of knots, and straight and true from end to end. It shall befastened to a steel or wood-faced
21、steel beam of such dimen-sions that deflections under maximum load will not be greaterthan1720 of the specimen length. The bearing face of the upperbearing shall not deviate from a straight line by more than 2.5mm/m of length. When a hard rubber strip is used on thebearing face it shall have a durom
22、eter hardness of not less than45 nor more than 60, and shall have a width of not less than 50mm and a thickness of not less than 25 mm nor more than 38mm and shall be secured to a wood beam meeting the aboverequirements.4.3.7 If mutually agreed upon by the manufacturer and theowner prior to the test
23、, before the specimen is placed, a fillet ofplaster of paris not exceeding 25 mm in thickness shall be caston the surface of the upper and lower bearings. The width ofthe fillet cap, upper or lower, shall be not more than 80 mm/mof the specimen diameter, but in no case less than 25 mm.4.3.8 The equi
24、pment shall be so designed that the load willbe distributed about the center of the overall length (L1)ofthespecimen (Fig. 1, Fig. 2, Fig. 3, and Fig. 4).At the option of themanufacturer, the center of the load shall be applied at anypoint of the overall length (L1) of the specimen. The load shallbe
25、 applied either at a single point or at multiple pointsdependent on the length of the specimen being tested and therigidity of the test frame.NOTE 1The user of these test methods is advised that multiple pointsof load applications to the upper bearing will permit use of lighter beamswithout excessiv
26、e deflection.4.4 CalibrationThe loading device shall be one whichshall provide an accuracy of 62 % at the specified test loads.A calibration curve shall be used. The machines used forperforming the three-edge-bearing tests shall be verified inaccordance with Practices E4.4.5 ConditioningThe moisture
27、 requirements of 1.3 are notrequired, at the option of the manufacturer.4.6 Procedure:4.6.1 Place the specimen on the two lower bearing strips insuch a manner that the pipe or tile rests firmly and with uniformbearing on each strip.4.6.2 Mark the two ends of the specimen at a pointmidway between the
28、 lower bearing strips and then establish thediametrically opposite point on each end. Place the upperbearing so that it is aligned with these marks.4.6.3 For reinforced concrete pipe, any rate or load appli-cation up to a maximum of 109.4 kN/linear metre of pipe perminute shall be used up to 75 % of
29、 the specified designstrength, at which time the rate of loading shall be reduced toa maximum uniform rate of 43.8 kN/linear metre of pipe perminute. If both the design strength and the ultimate strength arebeing determined, a specified rate of loading need not bemaintained after the design strength
30、 has been reached. Fornonreinforced concrete pipe, any rate of load application up toa maximum of 109.4 kN/linear metre of pipe per minute shallbe used up to 75 % of the specified ultimate strength, at whichtime the rate of loading shall be reduced to the maximumuniform rate of 43.8 kN/linear metre
31、of pipe per minute.4.6.4 As defined in Terminology C 822, the design strengthis the maximum load, expressed as a D-load, supported by thepipe before a crack having a width of 0.3 mm occursthroughout a continuous length of 300 mm or more measuredparallel to the longitudinal axis of the pipe barrel. T
32、he crack is0.3 mm in width when the point of the measuring gage will,without forcing, penetrate 1.5 mm at close intervals throughoutthe specified distance of 300 mm. Measure the width of thecrack by means of a gage made from a leaf in thickness (as ina set of standard machinist gages), ground to a p
33、oint of 1.5 mmin width with corners rounded and with a taper of 0.25 mm/mmas shown in Fig. 6.NOTE 2As used in this specification, the 0.3-mm crack is a testcriterion for pipe tested in three-edge bearing test and is not intended asan indication of overstressed or failed pipe under installed conditio
34、ns.4.6.5 As defined in Terminology C 822, the ultimatestrength is the maximum load supported by the pipe.NOTE 3Ultimate strength of concrete pipe in the buried condition isC497M052dependent on varying soil bedding factors and varying failure modes andshall have no relationship to the ultimate streng
35、th as defined underthree-edge bearing conditions.4.7 Calculations:4.7.1 Strength test results shall be calculated in terms ofpounds per linear foot. The length used in calculating thestrength values shall be that indicated by L in Fig. 1, Fig. 2, Fig.NOTE 1The figures illustrate a method of applying
36、 the load to the pipeFIG. 1 Three-Edge-Bearing Test, Circular PipeC497M0533, and Fig. 4. For plain end pipe, no bell or spigot, the lengthL shall be the overall length. For pipe having a bell or spigot onone end with the opposite end being plain, L shall be thedistance from the plain end to the cent
37、er of the joint, where LNOTE 1The figure illustrates a method of applying the load to the pipe.FIG. 2 Three-Edge-Bearing Test, Arch PipeNOTE 1The figure illustrates a method of applying the load to the pipe.FIG. 3 Three-Edge-Bearing Test, Horizontal Elliptical PipeNOTE 1The figure illustrates a meth
38、od of applying the load to the pipe. Three-Edge-Bearing Test, Vertical Elliptical PipeFIG. 4 Three-Edge-Bearing Test, Vertical Elliptical PipeC497M054equals the overall length minus12 the depth of the bell, or theoverall length minus12 the length of the spigot.4.7.2 The ultimate strength in pounds p
39、er linear metre shallbe calculated by dividing the maximum test load applied to thepipe by the laying length, L.4.7.3 The D-load strength in newtons per linear metre permillimetre of inside diameter or horizontal span shall be eitherthe 0.3-mm crack D-load strength or the ultimate D-loadstrength. Th
40、e 0.3-mm crack D-load shall be calculated bydividing the test load required to produce the 0.3-mm crack bythe laying length, L, and by the pipe inside diameter orhorizontal span. The ultimate D-load strength shall be calcu-lated by dividing the ultimate test load applied to the pipe bythe laying len
41、gth, L, and by the pipe inside diameter orhorizontal span.4.8 Precision and BiasThe user of these test methods isadvised that the true value for the strength of a concrete pipecannot be determined because the specimen is tested todestruction and exact duplicate specimens cannot be obtained.Therefore
42、, no calculations of precision and bias are presentlypossible. Specifications that include this test method for thevarious types of concrete pipe should include a provision foradditional tests of one or more specimens.5. Flat Slab Top Test Method5.1 Summary of Test MethodA load is applied to the fla
43、tslab top and the supporting capacity of the flat slab top ismeasured.5.2 Significance and UseThe test method is a proof ofdesign test performed to prove the adequacy of the design.5.3 ConditioningThe moisture requirements of 1.3 are notrequired, at the option of the manufacturer.5.4 ProcedurePlace
44、the section that has been designatedto receive the flat slab top on a firm, even surface.Assemble theflat slab top to this section. If a frame or riser has been designedto be fitted to the access portion of the flat slab top, assembleit to the slab top. Apply the test load to the riser or frame asas
45、sembled to the flat slab top. If no access opening has beenprovided to the flat slab top, apply the test load to the center ofthe flat slab top by means of a 300 by 300 by 100-mm woodbearing block. See Fig. 7. Calculate the test load as follows:Pu5 1.3 D 1 2.17L1 1 I! (1)where:Pu= applied minimum ul
46、timate proof-of-design test load,N,D = total calculated field dead load on the slab, N,L = calculated live load on the flat slab top, andI = impact factor, 30 % minimum.6. Core Strength Test Method6.1 Summary of Test MethodThe compressive strength ofthe concrete in the pipe is determined by making c
47、rushing testsof cores cut from the pipe.6.2 Significance and UseThe core strength test is a qualitycontrol test performed to establish the fact that the finished,shippable precast concrete product has sufficient concretestrength to meet the strengths stated in the specifications.6.3 ApparatusA core
48、drill shall be used for securingcylindrical core specimens from the wall of the pipe; a shotdrill or a diamond drill shall be used.FIG. 5 Lower Bearing Strip DetailFIG. 6 Gage Leaf for Measuring CracksFIG.7FlatSlabTopTestC497M0556.4 Test Specimens:6.4.1 A core specimen for the determination of compr
49、essivestrength shall have a diameter at least three times the maximumsize of the coarse aggregate used in the concrete. If cores arecut from the wall of the pipe and tested, the length to diameterratio shall lie between one and two after the curved surfaceshave been removed from the cut core.6.4.2 Moisture ConditioningUnless the agency for whichthe testing is being done directs otherwise, the core testspecimens shall be submerged in lime-saturated water inaccordance with the provisions of Test Method C 42.6.5 Procedure:6.5.1 End Preparation and Capping
