1、Designation: C497M 18Standard Test Methods forConcrete Pipe, Manhole Sections, or Tile (Metric)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C497M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A
2、 number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover testing of concrete pip
3、e,manhole sections, and tile. The test methods described are usedin production testing and acceptance testing to evaluate theproperties provided for in the specifications.1.2 The test methods appear in the following order:SectionExternal Load Crushing Strength 4Flat Slab Top 5Core Strength 6Absorpti
4、on 7Hydrostatic 8Permeability 9Manhole Step 10Cylinder 11Gasket Lubricant 12Joint Shear 13Alkalinity 14Gasket Measurements 15Off-Center Hydrostatic Joint Test 16Hydrostatic External Joint Test Method 171.3 The test specimens shall not have been exposed to atemperature below 4C for the 24 h immediate
5、ly preceding thetest.1.4 If any test specimen fails because of mechanical reasonssuch as failure of testing equipment or improper specimenpreparation, it shall be discarded and another specimen taken.1.5 Specimens shall be selected in accordance with thespecifications for the type of pipe or tile be
6、ing tested.1.6 These methods are the metric companion of Test Meth-ods C497.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental pract
7、ices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and
8、 Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C31/C31M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete TestSpecimens in the FieldC39/C39M Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylin-drical Concrete SpecimensC4
9、2/C42M Test Method for Obtaining and Testing DrilledCores and Sawed Beams of ConcreteC617 Practice for Capping Cylindrical Concrete SpecimensC670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statementsfor Test Methods for Construction MaterialsC822 Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe and RelatedProdu
10、ctsC1231/C1231M Practice for Use of Unbonded Caps inDetermination of Compressive Strength of Hardened Cy-lindrical Concrete SpecimensD2240 Test Method for Rubber PropertyDurometer Hard-nessE4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms re
11、lating to concretepipe, see Terminology C822.4. External Load Crushing Strength Test by the Three-Edge Bearing Test Method4.1 Summary of Test MethodThe test specimen is tested ina machine designed to apply a crushing force upon thespecimen in a plane through the vertical axis extending alongthe leng
12、th of the specimen.4.2 Significance and UseThe crushing test method shallbe either a quality control test performed to establish that the1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 onConcrete Pipe and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C13.09 on Methodsof Test.Cur
13、rent edition approved May 1, 2018. Published June 2018. Originallyapproved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as C497M 17. DOI:10.1520/C0497M-18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of A
14、STMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized pr
15、inciples on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1finished, shippable pipe has sufficient strength to withstand thecrushin
16、g loads stated in the specifications or a proof of designtest performed to prove the adequacy of design.4.3 Apparatus:4.3.1 The testing machine shall be of any type of sufficientcapacity and shall be capable of providing the rate of loadingprescribed in 4.5.3.4.3.2 The testing machine shall be subst
17、antial and rigidthroughout, so that the distribution of the load will not beaffected appreciably by the deformation or yielding of any part.4.3.3 The three-edge-bearing method of loading shall beused. The test specimen shall be supported on a lower bearingof two parallel longitudinal strips and the
18、load applied throughan upper beam (Fig. 1, Fig. 2, Fig. 3, and Fig. 4). At the optionof the manufacturer, either or both the lower bearing and theupper bearing shall extend the full length or any portion of thelength of the specimen.4.3.4 The lower bearings shall consist of wood or hardrubber strips
19、. Wooden strips shall be straight, have a crosssection of not less than 50 mm in width and not less than 25NOTE 1The figures illustrate a method of applying the load to the pipeFIG. 1 Three-Edge-Bearing Test, Circular PipeC497M 182mm nor more than 38 mm in height and shall have the topinside corners
20、 rounded to a radius of 13 mm. Hard rubber stripsshall have a durometer hardness of not less than 45 nor morethan 60. They shall be rectangular in cross section, having aNOTE 1The figure illustrates a method of applying the load to the pipe.FIG. 2 Three-Edge-Bearing Test, Arch PipeNOTE 1The figure i
21、llustrates a method of applying the load to the pipe.FIG. 3 Three-Edge-Bearing Test, Horizontal Elliptical PipeNOTE 1The figure illustrates a method of applying the load to the pipe. Three-Edge-Bearing Test, Vertical Elliptical PipeFIG. 4 Three-Edge-Bearing Test, Vertical Elliptical PipeC497M 183wid
22、th of not less than 50 mm, a thickness of not less than 25mm nor more than 38 mm, and shall have the top inside cornerrounded to a radius of 13 mm.4.3.5 The lower bearing strips shall be fastened to a woodenor steel beam or directly to a concrete base, any of which shallprovide sufficient rigidity s
23、o that the deflection is not greaterthan1720 of the specimen length when the maximum load isapplied. The rigid base shall be at least 150 mm wide. Theinterior vertical sides of the strips shall be parallel and spaceda distance apart of not more than 25 mm per 300 mm ofspecimen diameter, but in no ca
24、se less than 25 mm. Thebearing faces of the lower strips shall not vary from a straightline vertically or horizontally by more than 2.5 mm/m of lengthunder no load.4.3.6 The upper bearing shall be a rigid wood beam with orwithout an attached hard rubber strip. The wood shall be sound,free of knots,
25、and straight and true from end to end. It shall befastened to a steel or wood-faced steel beam of such dimen-sions that deflections under maximum load will not be greaterthan1720 of the specimen length. The bearing face of the upperbearing shall not deviate from a straight line by more than 2.5mm/m
26、of length. When a hard rubber strip is used on thebearing face it shall have a durometer hardness of not less than45 nor more than 60, and shall have a width of not less than 50mm and a thickness of not less than 25 mm nor more than 38mm and shall be secured to a wood beam meeting the aboverequireme
27、nts.4.3.7 If mutually agreed upon by the manufacturer and theowner prior to the test, before the specimen is placed, a fillet ofplaster of paris not exceeding 25 mm in thickness shall be caston the surface of the upper and lower bearings. The width ofthe fillet cap, upper or lower, shall be not more
28、 than 80 mm/mof the specimen diameter, but in no case less than 25 mm.4.3.8 The equipment shall be so designed that the load willbe distributed about the center of the overall length (L1)ofthespecimen (Fig. 1, Fig. 2, Fig. 3, and Fig. 4).At the option of themanufacturer, the center of the load shall
29、 be applied at anypoint of the overall length (L1) of the specimen. The load shallbe applied either at a single point or at multiple pointsdependent on the length of the specimen being tested and therigidity of the test frame.NOTE 1The user of these test methods is advised that multiple pointsof loa
30、d applications to the upper bearing will permit use of lighter beamswithout excessive deflection.4.4 CalibrationThe loading device shall be one whichshall provide an accuracy of 62 % at the specified test loads.A calibration curve shall be used. The machines used forperforming the three-edge-bearing
31、 tests shall be verified inaccordance with Practices E4.4.5 ConditioningThe moisture requirements of 1.3 are notrequired, at the option of the manufacturer.4.6 Procedure:4.6.1 Place the specimen on the two lower bearing strips insuch a manner that the pipe or tile rests firmly and with uniformbearin
32、g on each strip.4.6.2 Mark the two ends of the specimen at a point midwaybetween the lower bearing strips and then establish thediametrically opposite point on each end. Place the upperbearing so that it is aligned with these marks.4.6.3 For reinforced concrete pipe, any rate or load appli-cation up
33、 to a maximum of 109.4 kN/linear metre of pipe perminute shall be used up to 75 % of the specified designstrength, at which time the rate of loading shall be reduced toa maximum uniform rate of 43.8 kN/linear metre of pipe perminute. If both the design strength and the ultimate strength arebeing det
34、ermined, a specified rate of loading need not bemaintained after the design strength has been reached. Fornonreinforced concrete pipe, any rate of load application up toa maximum of 109.4 kN/linear metre of pipe per minute shallbe used up to 75 % of the specified ultimate strength, at whichtime the
35、rate of loading shall be reduced to the maximumuniform rate of 43.8 kN/linear metre of pipe per minute.4.6.4 As defined in Terminology C822, the design strengthis the maximum load, expressed as a D-load, supported by thepipe before a crack having a width of 0.3 mm occursthroughout a continuous lengt
36、h of 300 mm or more measuredparallel to the longitudinal axis of the pipe barrel. The crack is0.3 mm in width when the point of the measuring gauge will,without forcing, penetrate 1.5 mm at 75 mm maximumintervals, throughout the specified distance of 300 mm. Mea-sure the width of the crack by means
37、of a gauge made from aleaf in thickness (as in a set of standard machinist gauges),ground to a point of 1.5 mm in width with corners rounded andwith a taper of 0.25 mm/mm as shown in Fig. 6.NOTE 2As used in this specification, the 0.3-mm crack is a testcriterion for pipe tested in three-edge bearing
38、 test and is not intended asan indication of overstressed or failed pipe under installed conditions.4.6.5 As defined in Terminology C822, the ultimate strengthis the maximum load supported by the pipe.NOTE 3Ultimate strength of concrete pipe in the buried condition isdependent on varying soil beddin
39、g factors and varying failure modes andshall have no relationship to the ultimate strength as defined underthree-edge bearing conditions.FIG. 5 Lower Bearing Strip DetailFIG. 6 Gauge Leaf for Measuring CracksC497M 1844.7 Calculations:4.7.1 Strength test results shall be calculated in terms ofpounds
40、per linear foot. The length used in calculating thestrength values shall be that indicated by the manufacturedlength (L)inFigs. 1-4. For pipe with a bell, the manufacturedlength (L) is the length from the spigot/tongue end face to thebell/groove inside shoulder. For straight wall pipe, no bell, them
41、anufactured length (L) is the same as for pipe with a bell orthe alternate of the length from the spigot/tongue outsideshoulder to the socket/groove end face. For plain end or cutpipe, no bell or spigot, the manufactured length (L) is the sameas the overall length (L1). For pipe having a spigot on o
42、ne endwith the opposite end being plain, the manufactured length (L)shall be the distance from the plain end to the center of thejoint. For pipe having a bell on one end with the opposite endbeing plain, the manufactured length (L) shall be the distancefrom the plain end to the bell inside shoulder.
43、 See TerminologyC822 for definitions of manufactured length (L) and overalllength (L1).4.7.2 The ultimate strength in pounds per linear metre shallbe calculated by dividing the maximum test load applied to thepipe by the manufactured length, (L).4.7.3 The D-load strength in newtons per linear metre
44、permillimetre of inside diameter or horizontal span shall be eitherthe 0.3-mm crack D-load strength or the ultimate D-loadstrength. The 0.3-mm crack D-load shall be calculated bydividing the test load required to produce the 0.3-mm crack bythe manufactured length, (L), and by the pipe inside diamete
45、ror horizontal span. The ultimate D-load strength shall becalculated by dividing the ultimate test load applied to the pipeby the manufactured length, (L), and by the pipe insidediameter or horizontal span.4.8 Precision and BiasThe user of these test methods isadvised that the true value for the str
46、ength of a concrete pipecannot be determined because the specimen is tested todestruction and exact duplicate specimens cannot be obtained.Therefore, no calculations of precision and bias are presentlypossible. Specifications that include this test method for thevarious types of concrete pipe should
47、 include a provision foradditional tests of one or more specimens.5. Flat Slab Top Test Method5.1 Summary of Test MethodA load is applied to the flatslab top and the supporting capacity of the flat slab top ismeasured.5.2 Significance and UseThe test method is a proof ofdesign test performed to prov
48、e the adequacy of the design.5.3 ConditioningThe moisture requirements of 1.3 are notrequired, at the option of the manufacturer.5.4 ProcedurePlace the section that has been designatedto receive the flat slab top on a firm, even surface.Assemble theflat slab top to this section. If a frame or riser
49、has been designedto be fitted to the access portion of the flat slab top, assembleit to the slab top. Apply the test load to the riser or frame asassembled to the flat slab top. If no access opening has beenprovided to the flat slab top, apply the test load to the center ofthe flat slab top by means of a 300 by 300 by 100-mm woodbearing block. See Fig. 7. Calculate the test load as follows:Pu5 1.3 D12.17L11I! (1)where:Pu= applied minimum ultimate proof-of-design test load, N,D = total calculated field dead load on the slab, N,L = calculated live load on the
