1、Designation: C 50 00 (Reapproved 2006)Standard Practice forSampling, Sample Preparation, Packaging, and Marking ofLime and Limestone Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 50; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the c
2、ase of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscriptepsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This pr
3、actice covers procedures for the collection andreduction of samples of lime and limestone products to be usedfor physical and chemical tests.1.2 This practice further covers inspection, rejection, retest-ing, packing, and marking of lime and limestone products as itmay be used in the chemical, agric
4、ultural, and process indus-tries.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitat
5、ions prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 51 Terminology Relating to Lime and Limestone (as usedby the Industry)C 702 Practice for Reducing Samples of Aggregate toTesting SizeD 75 Practice for Sampling AggregatesD 2234/D 2234M Practice for Collection of a Gross Sampleof CoalD 36
6、65 Practice for Random Sampling of ConstructionMaterialsE 11 Specification for Wire Cloth and Sieves for TestingPurposesE 105 Practice for Probability Sampling Of MaterialsE 122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,With a Specified Tolerable Error, the Average for aCharacteristic of a Lo
7、t or ProcessE 141 Practice for Acceptance of Evidence Based on theResults of Probability SamplingE 177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test Methods3. Terminology3.1 accuracya term generally used to indicate the reliabil-ity of a sample, a measurement, or an observation and is
8、 ameasure of closeness of agreement between an experimentalresult and the true value.3.2 bias (systematic error)an error that is consistentlynegative or consistently positive. The mean of errors resultingfrom a series of observations which does not tend towards zero.3.3 chance errorerror that has eq
9、ual probability of beingpositive or negative. The mean of the chance errors resultingfrom a series of observations that tends toward zero as thenumber of observations approach infinity.3.4 combined waterwater that is chemically bonded tocalcium or magnesium oxide to form hydrate.3.5 errorthe differe
10、nce of an observation or a group ofobservations from the best obtainable estimate of the truevalue.3.6 free waterwater that is not chemically bonded tocalcium or magnesium oxide.3.7 gross samplea sample representing one lot of materialand composed of a number of increments on which neitherreduction
11、nor division has been performed.3.8 incrementa small portion of the lot collected by oneoperation of a sampling device and normally combined withother increments from the lot to make a gross sample.3.9 laboratory samplerefers to the sample after the initialpreparation from which the analytical sampl
12、e is obtained.3.10 lota discrete quantity of material for which theoverall quality to a particular precision needs to be determined.3.11 precisiona term used to indicate the capability of aperson, an instrument, or a method to obtain repeatable results;specifically, a measure of the chance error as
13、expressed by thevariance, the standard error, or a multiple of the standard error(see Practice E 177).1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C07 on Lime andis the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C07.06 on Physical Tests.Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2006. Published Dece
14、mber 2006. Originallyapproved in 1922. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as C 50 00.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summ
15、ary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.12 representative samplea sample collected in such amanner that every particle in the lot to be sampled is equallyrepresented in the gross or divided sampl
16、e.3.13 samplea quantity of material taken from a largerquantity for the purpose of estimating properties or composi-tion of the larger quantity.3.14 sample divisionthe process whereby a sample isreduced in weight without change in particle size.3.15 sample preparationthe process that may includecrus
17、hing, dividing, and mixing of a gross or divided sample forthe purpose of obtaining a representative analysis sample.3.16 sampling unita quantity of material from which agross sample is obtained. A lot may contain several samplingunits.3.17 segregation variance of increment collection, Ss2thevarianc
18、e caused by nonrandom distribution of inert material orother constituent in the lot.3.18 size consistthe particle size distribution of quicklimeor hydrated lime.3.19 standard deviationthe square root of the variance.3.20 subsamplea sample taken from another sample.3.21 top sizethe opening of the sma
19、llest screen in theseries upon which is retained less than 5 % of the sample.3.22 total variance, So2the overall variance resultingfrom collecting single increments, and including division andanalysis of the single increments.3.23 unbiased samplea sample free of bias or a represen-tative sample.3.24
20、 unit variance (random variance of increment collec-tion), Sr2the theoretical variance calculated for a uniformlymixed lot and extrapolate to 0.5-kg (1-lb) increment size.3.25 variancethe mean square of deviation (or errors) ofa set of observations; the sum of squared deviations (or errors)of indivi
21、dual observations with respect to their arithmetic meandivided by the number of observations less one (degrees offreedom); the square of the standard deviation (or standarderror).4. Significance and Use4.1 The following practices are to be used in obtainingsamples that are representative of the lot
22、being sampled. Themethodology used will be dependent upon the size and type ofmaterial sampled and testing requirements.4.2 The following practices are intended for use in obtainingsamples from material that is ready for sale and are notintended as sampling procedures for quality control purposes.Th
23、ese practices are to be used in obtaining a laboratory samplethat will yield results serving as a basis for acceptance orrejection of the lot of material sampled. This does not precludethe use of these practices for quality control purposes.4.3 The following practices can be used to eliminate bias i
24、nsampling. The person or persons responsible for using thesepractices must be trained and they will be conscientious andtimely in their use.4.4 An agreement between the producer and the consumeron location of sampling, either at the producers plant or at thedestination, is encouraged. Product qualit
25、y can be affectedthrough careless handling, improper protection, and delayedshipment. It is preferable to sample at the point of loading. Theconsumer has the right to witness the sampling practices beingused.4.5 This practice may be used to provide a representativesample of lime or limestone product
26、s. Due to the variability oflimestone and lime and the wide variety of sampling equip-ment, caution must be exercised in all stages of sampling, fromsystem specification and equipment procurement to equipmentacceptance testing and actually taking the final sample.5. Incremental Collection5.1 For the
27、 number and weight of increments refer toPractice E 122.5.2 The number of samples required depends on the in-tended use of the material, the quantity of material involved,and the variations both in quality and size. A sufficient numberof samples shall be obtained to cover all variations in themateri
28、al.5.3 The quantity of sample to be taken will depend on thesize of the material to be sampled and the amount of informa-tion to be obtained from the sample. Caution must be taken toensure a statistically correct amount of material is selected forall testing, and sufficient quantities of material re
29、tained forreserved purposes. Recommended reference documents wouldinclude Practices E 105 and E 122.5.4 Particle Size:5.4.1 Generally, a large range of particle sizes for a givenmaterial requires a larger bulk sample size. The amount of thesample increment is then dependent upon the largest particle
30、size encountered. The sample amount is determined by re-peated testing to determine the bias between successive incre-ments, and then to reduce this bias to acceptable limits.5.4.2 The chemistry may change relative to the particle size.It is important that all particle sizes proportioned relative to
31、their distribution be in the parent material.5.5 Large material transfer rates result in large incrementalsamples. The sample must be representative of the entirecross-section flow of material. The amount of sample andnumber of increments must be determined prior to sampling.Randomized sampling shou
32、ld be used where appropriate tominimize unintentional bias.6. Random Sampling6.1 Practices D 3665, E 105, and E 122 can be used tominimize unintentional bias when obtaining a representativesample. Depending upon what comprises the lot of material,sampling can be extended to specific shipping units c
33、hosen ona random basis.6.2 Collect increments with such frequency that the entirequantity of material will be represented in the gross sample.Due to the variability of lime and limestone products and thewide variety of sampling equipment, caution must exercised inall stages of sampling.7. Sampling P
34、lan7.1 Purpose:7.1.1 Adequate methods for obtaining representativesamples for testing the chemical and physical properties of aC 50 00 (2006)2shipment of lime or limestone are essential. The sale and useare dependent upon the chemical or physical properties, orboth.7.1.2 The sampling plan specifies
35、the minimum weights andthe number of increments required in each step of the proce-dure to meet the objectives of the testing.7.1.3 The sampling plan should include the personnel doingthe sampling, preservation or protection of the samples, loca-tion of sampling, the sampling procedure to be used, s
36、amplepreparation required, and the tests to be performed.7.1.4 Proper sampling involves understanding and consid-eration of the minimum number and weight of increments, theparticle size of the material, sample preparation, variability ofthe constituent sought, and the degree of precision required.7.
37、2 Personnel:7.2.1 It is imperative that a sample is collected carefully andconscientiously. If the sampling is done improperly, the sampleis in error and any subsequent analysis is not representative ofthe lot being sampled. Further, a second sample may beimpossible to obtain. If an analysis is in e
38、rror, another analysisis impractical on an incorrectly obtained sample. Whereas, asecond analysis is possible, if the first was in error, if the initialsampling was correct.7.2.2 Because of the importance of proper sampling and theresulting information, individuals engaged in sampling andsample prep
39、aration must be qualified by training and experi-ence and possess a thorough understanding of sampling prac-tices and techniques or under the direct supervision of such anindividual.7.3 Preservation of Sample:7.3.1 Due to the hygroscopic nature of quicklime, samplesmust be immediately stored in airt
40、ight, moisture-proof contain-ers to avoid air-slaking and subsequent absorption of carbondioxide.7.3.2 Due to the generally soft characteristics of quicklime,proper handling to avoid degradation must be practiced if thesample is to be used for particle size determination.7.4 Location of SamplingThe
41、process type and the pro-cess measurements required determine the sampling location.Sites should be selected to allow for safe, easy access to arepresentative cross section of the process material.7.5 Choice of Sampling ProcedureThe choice of sam-pling procedure to be used is dependent on three thin
42、gs. First,it is necessary to define the lot or batch of material to besampled. Second, it is necessary to determine the number ofincremental samples to be taken from the lot. Third, the choiceof sampling procedure needs to be determined from Section 8utilizing the preceding criteria.7.6 Recommended
43、Number and Weight of Increments:7.6.1 Refer to Table 1 for the recommended number andweight of increments for general purpose sampling. Thenumber of increments required listed in Table 1 are based upona 1000ton lot size. To determine the number of incrementsrecommended for a specific lot size, use E
44、q 1. To determine therecommended weight for a bulk sample, multiply the incre-ment requirement times the minimum increment weight fromTable 1.7.6.2 The increments and weights listed in Table 1 are onlyrecommendations and are not based upon a statistical model.For more accurate methods to determine w
45、eights and incre-ments required, refer to Practices E 105, E 122, and E 141 andTest Methods D 2234.7.6.3 For randomized sampling, refer to Practice D 3665.N25 N1specific lot size tons! / 1000 tons1/2(1)where:N1= minimum increments required, per 1000 ton lot, andN2= increments required for specified
46、lot size.7.7 Mechanical Sampling DevicesThere are several dif-ferent types of mechanical sampling devices available formany of the sampling procedures mentioned in Section 8. Dueto the variety of types, it is impractical to specifically identifyeach device. Prior to using any mechanical sampling dev
47、ice, itneeds to be determined that the device is capable of taking anunbiased, representative sample of the material in question.8. Sampling Procedures (See Sampling Procedure FlowChart (Fig. 1) for Location of Specific Methods)LIMESTONE8.1 Surface Sampling:8.1.1 Surface sampling is limited in use d
48、ue to the nonrep-resentative sample obtained. For exploration purposes, a sur-face sample can produce information with respect to thecharacteristics of a deposit. It is critical to remember that asurface sample is not representative and can only be used todetermine if more detailed sampling and test
49、ing may bejustified.8.1.2 Obtain the necessary information to determine asuitable location for sampling. Choose sites that will bestsatisfy the purpose of sampling. Describe and record observa-tions on the characteristics of the portion of the deposit beingsampled to the extent required by the sampling plan. It isimperative for the sample collected to be of sufficient size toperform any required testing.8.2 Face SamplingDescribe and record observations onthe characteristics of the portion of the face being sampled tothe extent required by the samplin
