1、Designation: C 500 07Standard Test Methods forAsbestos-Cement Pipe1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 500; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indica
2、tes the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover the testing of asbestos-cementpipe for hydrostatic strength, flexural strength, crushingstrength, straightness, and uncombined calcium hy
3、droxide;they are for use in conjunction with the individual productspecifications for asbestos-cement pipe.1.2 Test methods appear in the following sections:SectionHydrostatic Pressure Test 4Flexural Test 5Crushing Test 6Straightness Test 7Uncombined Calcium Hydroxide Test 81.3 Guidelines for intern
4、al and external corrosion includedin Section 9 serve as an aid in determining the type of pipewhich should be specified to maximize service life for aparticular application.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.
5、5 WarningBreathing of asbestos dust is hazardous.Asbestos and asbestos products present demonstrated healthrisks for users and for those with whom they come into contact.In addition to other precautions, when working with asbestos-cement products, minimize the dust that results. For informa-tion on
6、the safe use of chrysoltile asbestos, refer to “Safe Useof Chrysotile Asbestos: A Manual on Preventive and ControlMeasures.”21.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish app
7、ro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specificsafety hazard, see 1.5.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D 1067 Test Methods for Acidity or Alkalinity of WaterD 1126 Test Method for Hardness in WaterD 2946 Terminol
8、ogy for Asbestos and AsbestosCementProductsE11 Specification for Wire Cloth and Sieves for TestingPurposesE 200 Practice for Preparation, Standardization, and Stor-age of Standard and Reagent Solutions for ChemicalAnalysis2.2 BNQ Standard:BNQ 3807-098 Vulcanized Rubber: Hardness Determina-tion42.3 O
9、ther Standard:Regulation No. 3, Formula for Completely and SpecificallyDenatured Alcohol53. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 crushing strengtha property of solid material thatindicates its ability to withstand collapse from external com-pressive loads.3.1.1.1 Discu
10、ssionConsider failure of the crushing test tohave taken place when, as a result of application of thecrushing load to the pipe during the test, a break occurs in thepipe before reaching the minimum crushing load designated inthe specification.1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Co
11、mmittee C17 onFiber-Reinforced Cement Products and are the direct responsibility of Subcommit-tee C17.03 on Asbestos - Cement Sheet Products and Accessories.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2007. Published December 2007. Originallyapproved in 1963. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as C 500 98
12、(2006).2Available from The Asbestos Institute, http:/ referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Bureau de N
13、ormalisation du Qubec, Department of Industry and Commerce,50 St. Joseph St. East, Quebec, QC, Canada G1K 3A5.5Published by the US Treasury Department, Bureau of Industrial Alcohol,Washington, DC.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, Uni
14、ted States.3.1.2 flexural strengththe ability of a standard pipe lon-gitudinal section to withstand external loads that bear on thepipe transversely to its longitudinal axis and induce bending.3.1.3 hydrostatic strengththe ability of the pipe and cou-pling sleeve to withstand the forces resulting fr
15、om internalpressure.3.1.4 uncombined calcium hydroxidethe content of unre-acted calcium hydroxide that remains in the sample of curedproduct when tested.NOTE 1See Terminology D 2946 for additional terms.4. Hydrostatic Pressure Test4.1 Significance and UseThe hydrostatic pressure testestablishes the
16、fact that the pipe has sufficient strength towithstand the hydrostatic pressure loads stated in the specifi-cations. The strength level required by the specificationsassures, with a reasonable or designed margin of safety,minimum strengths that will satisfactorily withstand the mag-nitude of interna
17、l operating and surge pressures that arenormally encountered in field service.4.2 Procedure:4.2.1 Place the pipe, coupling, or pipe and coupling with afactory-assembled joint, in a hydrostatic pressure testing ma-chine with gaskets that seal the ends but exert no end pressure.Expel all air, and appl
18、y the internal water pressure at a uniformrate of not less than 690 kPa/s (100 psi/s) nor more than 10MPa/s (1500 psi/s) to the specified pressure; maintain thepressure.4.2.1.1 Couplings may be tested separately with a rubberbladder inside of the coupling.4.2.2 Consider failure of the hydrostatic pr
19、essure test tohave taken place when the pipe or coupling fails to sustain thetest pressure for the 5-s period.5. Flexural Test5.1 Significance and UseThe flexural test establishes thefact that the pipe has sufficient strength to withstand theflexural bending loads stated in the specifications. Provi
20、dedthat proper bedding methods are employed by the installer, thestrength level required by the specifications assures minimumstrengths that will satisfactorily withstand the magnitude oftranverse bending loads normally encountered in field service.5.2 Procedure:5.2.1 Support the pipe in a flexural
21、testing machine over aclear span of 2.75 m (9 ft). Distribute the load equally, andapply the load at the third points of the clear span as indicatedin Fig. 1. Unless otherwise specified, it shall be optional withpipe lengths in excess of 3.8 m (12.5 ft) to test at 75 % of thespecified loads on suppo
22、rts 3.65 m (12 ft) apart.Apply the loadat a uniform rate between 1.1 and 10 kN/s (250 and 2300 lbf/s)until it equals the proof load specified; maintain this load for atleast 5 s.5.2.2 Consider failure of the flexural proof test to have takenplace when, as a result of application of the flexural load
23、 to thepipe during the test, a break occurs in the pipe either beforereaching the minimum flexural load that is designated in thespecification or while holding at that minimum flexural load.6. Crushing Test6.1 Significance and UseThe crushing test establishes thefact that the pipe has sufficient str
24、ength to withstand thecrushing loads stated in the specifications. Provided that properbedding methods are employed by the installer, the strengthlevel required by the specifications ensures minimum strengthsthat will, with a reasonable margin of safety, satisfactorilywithstand the magnitude of exte
25、rnal crushing loads normallyencountered in field service.6.2 Procedure:6.2.1 V-Shaped Three Edge Bearing Method:6.2.1.1 Test each specimen by the V-shaped bearing methodas indicated in Fig. 2.6.2.1.2 The lower press-block consists of a V-shaped sup-port that has an included angle of 2.6 rad (150) an
26、d is made ofmetal or hardwood. Interpose strips of rubber of the thicknessand width specified in 6.2.1.3 between the press-block and thetest piece.6.2.1.3 The rubber strips shall be 16 6 3 mm (0.625 60.125 in.) thick and have a hardness between 50 and 68 DIDC(45 and 65 ShoreAdurometer)6as specified
27、in BNQ 3807-098.6.2.1.4 The flat upper press-block, made of the same mate-rial as the lower press-block, shall have a minimum width of 15cm (6 in.). Interpose a strip of rubber of the thickness andhardness specified in 6.2.1.3 between the press-block and thetest piece.6DIDC Means Dgr International d
28、e Duret des Caoutchoucs (InternationalDegrees for Hardness of Rubbers).FIG. 1 Assembly for Flexural Strength TestC5000727. Straightness Test7.1 Significance and UseThe straightness test covers themeasurement of the maximum deviation from straightness of astandard length of asbestos-cement pipe.7.2 P
29、rocedureDetermine the outer diameter of each pipeat both ends and in the middle (the middle diameter is generallygreater). Calculate the differences in outer diameter betweeneach end and the middle. Either with a rigid straightedge thatexceeds the pipe length and is placed in contact with one endof
30、the pipe, or, on a plane surface upon which the pipe is rolled,measure the maximum ordinate between the exterior surface ofthe pipe and the reference plane. Correct this measurement forthe differences in outer diameter determined between themiddle and each end of the pipe to obtain a deviation froms
31、traightness. Perform the straightness determination over theentire perimeter of the pipe, and note the maximum deviationfrom straightness determined.8. Uncombined Calcium Hydroxide Test8.1 Significance and UseThe uncombined calcium hy-droxide test method covers the measurement of the amount ofuncomb
32、ined calcium hydroxide in asbestos-cement pipe inorder to establish the fact that the pipe has the requiredchemical resistance. Guidelines for resistance to internal andexternal corrosion are given in Section 9.8.2 Reagents (Analytical Grade Reagents):8.2.1 Follow directions in Practice E 200.8.2.2
33、Solution No. 1For each sample prepare approxi-mately 500 cm3of solution containing 150 cm3of acetoaceticester and 350 cm3of absolute ethyl alcohol. (See 2.3.)8.2.3 Solution No. 2For each sample prepare approxi-mately 100 cm3of solution containing1gofNaOH and 100cm3of absolute ethyl alcohol.8.2.4 Sol
34、vent for Extraction of Free LimeFor each sampleprepare around 500 cm3of solvent containing approximately500 cm3of solution No. 1 and 1 cm3of solution No. 2.8.2.5 Rinsing SolventSome 250 cm3of isobutyl alcoholare required per sample.8.2.6 Titrating Agent:8.2.6.1 For each sample, prepare approximately
35、 250 cm3oftitrating agent containing 4.1 cm3of 72 % perchloric acid or6.823 g of solid perchloric acid (HClO42H2O) in 200 cm3ofisobutyl alcohol, and make up the volume to 250 cm by addingisobutyl alcohol.8.2.6.2 Standardize the titrating agent by titration againststandardized potassium biphthalate s
36、uch as potassium hydro-gen phthalate primary standard (such as Fisher P243)COOKHOCOC6H4after having lightly ground the latter anddried it at 120C for 2 h. Refer to Practice E 200.8.2.7 Indicator:8.2.7.1 Use a mixture of equal parts of methylene bluesolution C16H18CIN3S3H2O (such as Fisher A-766), wi
37、ththymol blue or (a)-hydroxy-(a), bis(5hydroxycarvacryl)-ptoluenesulfonic acid (such as Fisher T-416), or C6H4SO2OCC6H2-2-CH3-4-OH-5CH(CH3)22.8.2.7.2 Prepare the methylene blue solution by dissolving0.05 % of the reagent in the ethanol.8.2.7.3 Prepare the thymol blue solution by dissolving 0.1 gof t
38、he reagent in 10.75 cm3of 0.02 NaOH and diluting to 250cm3by adding water.8.2.7.4 Prepare the indicator by adding 1 cm3of themethylene blue solution to 4 cm3of the thymol blue solution.8.3 Procedure:8.3.1 Prepare representative samples of pipe or sleeves, andimmediately screen them through a 149-m (
39、No. 100) sieve asdescribed in Specification E11. The specimen must be groundsufficiently so that all of it will pass through the sieve.However, avoid excessive grinding since this may change thestate of carbonation and the rate of reaction of the specimenand lead to erroneous results. Optimum grindi
40、ng is achieved ifat least 5 % of the specimen is retained on a 125-m (No. 120)sieve described in Specification E11. Immediately place thematerial passing the sieve into a weighing bottle, and coverwith its ground-glass top. (Warningsee 1.5.)8.3.2 Place the bottle, with top removed, in a drying oven
41、at105C (220F) for 2 h, and then cool in a desiccator to roomtemperature.8.3.3 Weigh out four specimens of 1 6 0.010 g of the driedsample from a pipe or sleeve to the nearest 0.001 g.8.3.4 Place each specimen in an evaporation flask fitted witha condenser and a TFE-fluorocarbon encapsulated stirring
42、bar,add 100 cm3of the solvent described in 8.2.4 to each flask andheat the evaporators for the following time periods: FirstFIG. 2 Assembly for V-Shaped Crushing Strength TestC500073specimen30min; second specimen60 min; thirdspecimen90 min; and fourth specimen120 min. After theextraction of each spe
43、cimen cool the flask and filter thecontents rapidly on a fritted glass funnel.8.3.5 Wash each filter cake with 50 cm3of isobutyl alcohol.8.3.6 Titrate the filtrate with the titrating agent described in8.2.6 and the indicator described in 8.2.7.4 until the colorchanges from light green to dark blue.8
44、.3.7 Carry out a blank extraction without any specimen,add 50 cm3of isobutyl alcohol and titrate as described in 8.3.4to 8.3.6 to determine the correction applicable to take intoaccount the addition of the NaOH in solution No. 2.8.3.8 Calculate the number of equivalents of Ca(OH)2foreach specimen an
45、d the percentage of Ca(OH)2initially presentin each specimen.8.4 Calculation:8.4.1 Plot the values of Ca(OH)2calculated for each sampleas a function of extraction duration (30, 60, 90 or 120 min) andextrapolate the graph to zero time.8.4.2 Report the content of Ca(OH)2indicated by the graphat zero t
46、ime as the average content of free lime in the sample.9. Guidelines for Internal and External Corrosion9.1 ScopeThis test method establishes guidelines for thedefinition and classification of aggressive water and soilenvironments. The guidelines are based on exposure within thetemperature range of 4
47、 to 27C (40 to 80F). For pipeexposures to temperatures beyond these limits, consult themanufacturer.9.2 Summary of Test MethodThe factors that cause ag-gressive environments, internal and external waters, externalsoil conditions, and soluble sulfate contents of waters and soils,are considered separa
48、tely even though they may exist incombination.9.3 Significance and UseGuidelines for internal and ex-ternal corrosion of asbestos-cement pipe are included in thisspecification solely for the purpose of helping users evaluatethe useful service life of asbestos-cement pipe under varioussoil and water
49、conditions. If either water or soil corrosionguidelines are not adhered to, some decrease in useful servicelife can be expected; when the guidelines are followed,experience has shown that a satisfactory life can be expectedfor the pipe.9.4 Corrosion Guidelines for Water Transported ThroughAsbestos-Cement Pipe:9.4.1 Aggressivity Index A measure of the corrosivity ofwater towards asbestos-cement, defined as follows:pH 1 log AH! (1)where:pH = negative of the logarithm of the hydronium molarity,(ind
